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第1页共5页高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解（3）一、动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A．逻辑主语+名词Tenstudentsenteredforthecompetition,theyoungestaboyof12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（theyoungest和aboyof12之间省去了being）注意：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。B．逻辑主语+形容词Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向=Heturnedtome,andhiseyesweresleepy.Hestoodthere,hismouthwideopen.他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（hismouth和wideopen之间省去了being）=Hestoodthere,andhismouthwaswideopen.C．逻辑主语+副词Schoolover,weallwenthome.放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）=Schoolwasover,andweallwenthome.Hesatathisdesk,hisshoesoff.他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（hisshoes和off之间省去了being）=Hesatathisdeskandhisshoeswereoff.D．逻辑主语+介词短语Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,hisbacktowardsus.他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。=Hewasstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,andhisbackwastowardsus.Thenewteachercamein,asmileonherface.新老师面带微笑走了进来。=Thenewteachercameinandshehadasmileonherface.第2页共5页Theteachercameintotheclassroom，aruleinhishand.老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。=Theteachercameinandarulerwasinhishand.提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,violininhand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（=Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,aviolininhishand.）二、with/without引导的独立主格结构介词with/without+宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A．with+名词代词+形容词Hedoesn’tliketosleepwiththewindowsopen.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。=Hedoesn’tliketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen.Hestoodintherain,withhisclotheswet.他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。=Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewet.注意：在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。Withhissonsodisappointing，theoldmanfeltunhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn’twanttostudy.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。B．with+名词代词+副词Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulwithallthelightson.所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。=Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulifwhenallthelightsareon.Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。=Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead.C．with+名词代词+介词短语Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.或第3页共5页Hestoodatthedoor,computerinhand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。=Hestoodatthedoor,andacomputerwasinhishand.Vincentsatatthedesk,withapeninhismouth.或Vincentsatatthedesk,peninmouth.文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。=Vincentsatatthedesk,andhehadapeninhismouth.D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。=Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay.Withthesignalgiven,thetrainstarted.信号发出了，火车开始起动了。=Afterthesignalwasgiven,thetrainstarted.Iwouldn’tdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。=Iwouldn’t誸daregohomebecausethejobwasnotfinished.E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式Themanfeltveryhappywithsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。=Themanfeltveryhappywhenhefoundsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。=Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas.Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。=Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.F．with+名词代词+动词不定式Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo.有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。=Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo.Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。Thekidfeelsexcitedastherearesomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.提示：在withwithout的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。第4页共5页Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）三、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。A．作状语独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1．表示时间Nightcomingon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。（=Whennightcameon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.）Alltheguestsseated,theybegantheirdinner.所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。（=Whenalltheguestswereseated,theybegantheirdinner.）Witheverythingsheneededbought,Gracetookataxihome.所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。（Aftereverythingsheneededwasbought,Gracetookataxihome.）2．表示原因Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。（=Ashehasalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.）Therebeingnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。(=Astherewasnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.)3．表示条件Weatherpermitting,wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。（=Ifweatherpermits，wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.）Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。（=Aslongasalltheworkisdone,youcanhavearest.）Everything提示：表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。【误】Whenclassbeingover,thestudentslefttheirclassroom.【正】Class(being)over,thestudentslefttheirclassroom.下课了，学生都离开了教室。第5页共5页【误】Themoonappearingandtheycontinuedtheirway.【正】Themoonappearing,theycontinuedtheirway.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。4．表示伴随情况或补充说明Thestrangemanwaswalkingdownthestreet,withastickinhishand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。（=Thestrangemanwaswalkingdownthestreet,andhecarriedastickinhishand.）Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback.杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。（=Themurdererwasbroughtin,andhishandsweretiedbehindhisback.）Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,man