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EnglishForDebateWhatisaDebate?•Adebateisaformofargument.Itcontainstwoteamsarguingoppositesidesofa“proposition”inanorderlymanner,followingtheagreeduponrules.•Theteamthatagreeswiththetopiciscalledtheaffirmativeandtheteamthatdisagreeswiththetopiciscalledthenegative.•Teamsarguetheirpropositionusingreasoningandevidence.TheBenefitsofaDebate•developpositiveattitudestowardtheintellectualexchangeofideas•developaninterestintheinvestigationofissuesandproblems•becomemoreadeptatdevelopingandputtingforwardideas•learntothinkquickly•learntoworkasateam•developleadershipskills•developspeakingandlisteningskills.Tobeagooddebater,youneed…•theconfidencetospeakinpublic.•theabilitytopresentanargumentpersuasively.•thevisiontounderstandthattherearetwosidestomostarguments.•therespectforothers,toletthemhavetheirsay.•thesenseoftiming,toprioritizeyourmaterialandspeakinagiventimeperiod.•thestructuretoorderyourthoughts,tointroduce,developandsummarizeyourpoints.•thegeneralandspecificknowledgeofmanycurrentaffairstopics,learntthroughresearchanddebate.•theflexibilitytoreactquicklytonewideas,andtoremainunflusteredincrises.Preparingforadebate,youshouldlearn…•tousealibrary,andtofindtheexactinformationyouneedintheshortestpossibletime.•tobethoroughandaccurate.•toanalyze,todistinguishbetweenthevitalandtheunimportant.•tolearntheneedofprovingyourstatements;ofsupportingeverystatementwithvalidevidenceandsoundreasoning•todemandthesamesortofproofforthestatementsofothers.•topresentideasinaclearandeffectivemanner,andinaway,whichwinsotherstoyourwayofthinking.•tothinkunderpressure,to“usehishead”inatimeofneed,tomakedecisionsquicklyandaccurately.HowtoConstructEffectiveArguments•Language•Accuratepronunciation•Articulation•Diversepaceandpitch•Vocabulary.•Avoidspeakingtooquickly.•TrytoavoidbeingtoonervousContent•Contentcanbedividedintoargumentsandsupportingmaterials.•Anargumentisastatement“Thetopicistrueorfalse(dependingonwhichsideyouareon)becauseofx”,wheretheargumentfillsinforthex.•Forexampleinthetopic“Thatthezoosshouldbeclosed”anargumentmaybe:“thezoosshouldbeclosedbecausetheyconfinetheanimalsinanunnaturalenvironment”.•Themostimportantaspectofdebatingisthatassertionsmustbejustified.Noonecanbeconvincedorpersuadedofanythingiftheyaregivennoreasonfordoingso.Thatistosayyoushouldusematerialstosupportyourarguments.•Supportingmaterialscanbeexamples.Yourargumentscanalsobebackedupwithothersupportingmaterials,likereasons,statistics,andevenwithanecdotes,idioms,proverbs,quotationsandanalogies.Delivery•CuecardsDonotwriteoutallyourspeechoncuecards.Debatingisanexerciseinlivelyinteractionbetweentwoteamsandbetweentheaudiences,notinreadingaspeech.Theaudiencecantellwhenyouarereading.Usecuecardsthesamewayyouwoulduseaprompt(提示词）inaplay.Theyarethereforreferenceifyouloseyourspot.EyecontactVoiceBodylanguageRemember…Confidenceisvitalindebate.Yourpresentation,speech,andappearancematteralmostasmuchasyourdeliveryandyourcontent.So…•Dressappropriately•Havenotesprepared.Youdonotwantyourdebatetobeanoralpresentationofawrittenessay.•Practicespeakingaloudinfrontofamirrorandtheninfrontofotherpeople.Refutearguments•Refutationistheprocessofprovingthatanargumentoraseriesofarguments,ortheconclusionsdrawnfromthatargumentorarguments,isfalse,erroneous,oratleastdoubtful.Inadebate,effectiverefutationsarekeytosuccess.Refutationshouldbehandledsystematically.Guidelinestofollow•Anticipatewhatyouropponentwillsay.•Takecarefulnotesofwhatyouropponentsaysandnoteyourreactionstowhatissaid.•Findyouropponents'fallaciesinargumentsandattackonthatbasis•Organizeyourargumentseffectively.Avoidfallaciesinarguments•Makingeffectiveandlogicalargumentsisthemosteffectivekeytosuccessinadebate.•Tomakeyourargumentssound,youhavetobecarefulaboutfallaciesinreasoning.Typicalfallacies•EmotionalargumentEmotionalargumentsarebasedonfeelings,notlogic.Forexample,Listen!IloveNewZealand.IlovetheAllBlacks,theTallFerns.Weshouldgetdownonourkneesandthankthesportinggodsforthem…”•DoubtfulauthorityAnargumentsupportedbyapersonwhoisnotacceptedasanexpertisconsideredineffective.Hereisoneexample:Letusconsiderthequestionsofsport.MyDadtoldmethattheAmerica’sCupisorganizedformillionaires,andfundedbythemoneytheAustralianspayustolosetotheminallsports.•CircularargumentYoushouldavoidargumentsthatgoroundandroundbutnevergettothepoint.Forexample:Segregationshouldbeprohibitedforitismorallywrong;weknowitismorallywrongbecauseitisapracticethatshouldbeprohibited.•IrrelevantconclusionAnothertypicaltypeoffallacyisforminganargumentthatcannotbeprovedbytheideasputforward.Forinstance:Allthesepointsgotoshowthatonthisplanetwearethegreatestsportingnationever!•LimitedexampleYoushouldavoidanargumentwhichonlyappliesinafewsituations.Hereisoneexample:AndwhataboutPeterHillaryclimbingEverest?Thatisproofthatwearetheworld'stopclimbingnation...•PersonalattackPersonalattackmeanscriticizingthespeakerinsteadofwhattheyhavesaid,Donotcriticizetheindividualspeakers,criticizewhattheysay.OralFunctionsBankHowtoagreestronglywithanopinion•Icouldn'tagreemore!•That'sabsolutelytrue•Absolutely/Sure/Goodidea.