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GrammarandusageDirectspeechandreportedspeech&Reportedspeech:statements,questionsandimperativesentencesLookatthefollowingsentences:Tom:Whatareyougoingtodothissummerholiday?Amy:IamgoingtotraveltoBeijingwithmyparents.Nowtrytoanswer:WhatdidAmysay?AmysaidthatshewasgoingtotraveltoBeijingwithherparents.DirectspeechandreportedspeechWhatisthedifferencebetweendirectspeechandreportedspeech?Directspeechistoreportwhatexactlyhasbeensaidwhilereportedspeechorindirectspeechistoreportwhathasbeensaidwithoutusingexactwords.Howcanwechangedirectspeechintoreportedspeech?Wecanchangedirectspeechintoreportedspeechbyusinganobjectclauseoraninfinitivephrase.Forexample:Hesaid,‘I’musedtosuchembarrassingcomments.’Hesaidthathewasusedtosuchembarrassingcomments.‘Wemustnotgiveupinthefaceofpressure!’shesaid.Sheencouragedusnottogiveupinthefaceofpressure.Besidesthemajorchangesinsentencestructure,therearealsochangesin:•Personalpronouns•Tenses•Adverbialsoftimeandplace•OthercasesPersonalpronouns:Shesaid,‘Ididsomeresearch.’Shesaidthatshehaddonesomeresearch.Annsaid,‘Ihavefinishedthisletter.’Annsaidthatshehadfinishedthatletter.DirectspeechReportedspeechSimplepresentSimplepastSimplefutureFutureinthepastSimplepastPastperfectHowtochangethetenses:DirectspeechReportedspeechPresentcontinuousPastcontinuousPresentperfectPastperfectPastperfectPastperfect‘Lighttravelsatagreatspeed,’saidMsLi.MsLisaidthatlighttravelsatagreatspeed.Tips:Wedonotchangethetensewhenwereportaproverborafactthatdoesn’tchangeovertime.Adverbialsoftimeandplace:e.g.Tomsaid,‘Iamworkingheretoday.’Tomsaidhewasworkingtherethatday.Thefollowingtableshowsotherexamples:DirectspeechReportedspeechtodaytomorrowyesterdaynextmonthaweekagothatday/yesterday,etc.thenextday/thefollowingday,etc.thedaybefore/thepreviousday,etc.themonthafter/thefollowingmonthaweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.Othercases:Somemoreexamplesofthechanges:DirectspeechReportedspeechthisthesecomethatthosegoReadtheadvertisementandcompletetheletteronPage9.Answers:1._______2._______3._________4._______5._______6._________7._______8._______9.________10.______waswouldbehadreadthatwouldhadboughtthatwouldthoseherReportedspeech:statements,questionsandimperativesentences1.Statements•Weusenounclausesintroducedbythattoreportstatements.Thewordthatcanbeomitted.e.g.Shesaid(that)advertisementswerealmosteverywherenowadays.Therearemorereportingverbsotherthansayandtell:adviseexplaininsistpromiseannouncesuggestwarne.g.ThewriteexplainedthatPSAswereoftenrunforfree.Weusenounclausesintroducedbywhether/iftoreportyes/noquestions.e.g.MattaskedAnn,‘DoesJasondeservethisward?’MattaskedAnnwhether/ifJasondeservedthisaward.2.QuestionsWeusenounclausesintroducedbywh-wordstoreportwh-questions.e.g.‘Wheredidyoufindtheadvertisementsforjobsabroad?’Billasked.BillaskedwhereIhadfoundtheadvertisementsforjobsabroad.3.Imperativesentences•Toreportimperativesentences,wecanusethestructure:reportingverb+object+(not)+toinfinitivee.g.Thecandidatesaidtothemanager,‘Pleasegivemefiveminutesforpreparation.’Thecandidateaskedthemanagertogivehimfiveminutesforpreparation.•Thereareotherverbsthatcanbeusedinthisstructuretoreportimperativesentences:adviseencourageinviterecommendwarne.g.‘Don’tbelieveeveryadvertisementyouread,’Michellesaidtome.MichelleadvisedmenottobelieveeveryadvertisementIread.总结1.如果直接引语是一个陈述句，变成间接引语时用that引导，有时也可省略。e.g.Shesaid,‘Father,theboyisverynaughtynow.’Shetoldherfather(that)theboywasverynaughtythen.2.如果直接引语是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。e.g.‘Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound,’shesaidtomeyesterday.Shetoldmethedaybeforethatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.3.如果直接引语中有明确表示过去的时间状语，在变为间接引语时，一般过去时不必变为过去完成时。e.g.Hesaid,‘Thegreatinventorwasbornin1884.’Hetoldmethatthegreatinventorwasbornin1884.4.如果直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时用whether/if引导，且用陈述句语序。e.g.Sheaskedme,‘Areyouthehappiestpersoninyourfamily?’Sheaskedmewhether/ifIwasthehappiestpersoninmyfamily.5.如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用该特殊疑问词，用陈述句语序。e.g.Sheaskedme,‘Whenwilltheadvertisementsbeonair?’Sheaskedmewhentheadvertisementswouldbeonair.6.转述祈使句时使用该结构:转述动词(ask/tell/order/advise/remind/warn/insist/suggest/invite/encourage…)+宾语+(not)todoe.g.‘Goandseeadoctorafterclass,’myteachersaidtome.Myteacheradvisedmetogoandseeadoctorafterclass.ReadPartAonPage11andpractisereportingquestionsusingwhether/iforwh-words.Answers:2.WangQin__________________________________________________________.3.LuKai_____________________________________________________________.askedhowitcouldhelphimrememberEnglishwords.askedwhether/ifittaughtlisteningandspeaking4.LiuFang____________________________________________________________________________________.5.GuJin________________________________________________________.askedwhatthedesignerwoulddoifshewasnotsatisfiedwiththesoftwareaskedwhether/ifitwaseasytouseReadtheadvertisingtipsonPage11andreporteachofthemtoyourboss.Answers:2.Theexpertencouragesusto_______________________________.3.Theexpertrecommendsthat________________________________.useinterestingandattractivephotoswe(should)useeye-catchinglogos4.Theexpertsuggeststhat____________________________________________