Lesson8基础知识复习-动词概述和情态动词英语成人高考复习指导Part1:动词概述-动词的种类表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(需接宾语)、不及物动词(不需接宾语),英语缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。动词根据是否受主语人称和数的限制,分两类:限定动词(形式受主语限制有数的变化)、非限定动词(三种:动词不定式、动名词、分词)。根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语。动词有五种形态,分别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。连系动词是本身有一定的词义,但的动词。动词的种类–联系动词不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语连系动词无动作意义,用于连接主语和表语。状态连系动词(be,look,etc)结果连系动词(become,grow,etc)联系动词-分类John’sfatherisafootballcoach.(表状态)Youlookverysmarttoday.(表状态)Thisinkturnsblackwhenitdries.(表结果)Themorehethoughtaboutit,theangrierhegrew.(表结果)联系动词-分类(e.g.)联系动词的接续关系连系动词的接续关系只有一种,即:动词+表语Youlookverybeautifultoday.Thedishseemstobedeliciousbutisnotatall.英语中常用的连系动词有:appearbebecomecomefallfeelgetgogrowkeeplookremainrestrunsmellstandsoundstaytastelieetc.主/实义动词是的动词,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。根据它们的句法作用又可分为两类。动词的种类–主/实义动词含有实在的意义及物动词和不及物动词及物动词本身意思不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。例如:Thepeopleoftheworldlovepeace.世界人民热爱和平。主/实义动词-及物动词有些动词通常用作及物动词:say,raise,lay,find,buy等。A.动词+单宾语例如:Heknowsfivelanguages.(名词作宾语)Stoptalking,children.(动名词作宾语)Iliketoreaddetectivestories.(不定式作宾语)Shesaidthatshewassickthatday.(从句作宾语)及物动词-接续方式(1)B.动词+宾语+宾语补足语(动词+复合宾语)例如:Theteachertoldthestudentstokeepquiet.(不定式作宾补)Ifoundhisreportinteresting.(形容词作宾补)Theyelectedhimchairmanoftheclub.(名词作宾补)Hermothermadeherwhatsheis.(从句作宾补)及物动词-接续方式(2)C.动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(动词+双宾语)例如:Shewillbuymeabirthdaypresent.Theyaskeduswherethestorewas.Note:间接宾语通常是人,而直接宾语通常是表示东西或事情的名词或从句。及物动词-接续方式(3)常跟双宾语的及物动词有:Ask,bring,buy,choose,do,deny,fetch,get,Give,grant,hand,leave,lend,make,offer,order,Pay,pass,promise,sell,send,show,take,teach,tell,write,wishetc.不及物动词自身意思已完整,无须接宾语。例如:Thesunrisesfromtheeast.太阳从东方升起。主/实义动词-不及物动词有些动词通常只作不及物动词:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。不及物动词:只有一种接续方式,即动词本身。例如:Birdsfly.Treesgrow.Hehadahabitofsmokingwhenyoung,buthedoesn’tsmokenow.不及物动词-接续方式助动词无实际意义,只在句中起语法作用,帮助动词构成疑问、否定、时态、语态或其他语法形式。助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。例如:Doyoureadnewspaperseveryday?(构成疑问式)Thejobwillbefinishedsoon.(构成被动语态)动词的种类–助动词常见的助动词有助动词-分类(基本助动词:be,do,have)用于进行时和被动语态的:be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);用于完成时的:have(has,had,having);用于将来时的:shall(should);will(would)用于一般时(构成否定句、各种疑问句、倒桩结构、强调句、替代等)的:do(does,did).-Hedoesmorereadingthanyoudo,doesn’the?(替代、疑问句)-Yes,hedoesdomuchmorethanme.(强调句)Herheartwasbeatingwildlywhenshewasstoppedbytheguard.(进行时,被动语态)Havingbeentothecityalotoftimes,Ihavenevergotlostanywhere.(完成时)助动词-分类(e.g.)情态动词具有一定的词意,但不能单独作谓语,只用于构成复合谓语,增加谓语的情态、语气等色彩。表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。情态动词后面须加动词的原形。例如:Wemustobeytrafficregulations.我们必须遵守交通规则。动词的种类–情态动词常见的情态动词can(could),may(might),must,shall(should),will(would),dare(dared),need等;另外,haveto、hadbetter也当作情态动词使用。Note:关于情态动词的具体用法及区别在我们后面第二部分的知识点将重点讲述!短语动词是由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的词组,其作用和动词差不多。这些组合一般只作为一个整体使用。有些短语动词相当于及物动词,有些则相当于不及物动词。例如:动词的种类–短语动词lookat(看,考虑),lookafter(照料),lookfor(寻找),lookinto(调查),lookover(检查,忽略),lookout(当心)、watchout(当心)puton(穿上)、takeoff(脱掉、起飞、成名)、handin(上交)、lookup(查看),lookdown(轻视),lookforwardto(期望)、putaside(把什么放置在....;存储、储蓄)、setup(建立)等。短语动词-类型1)动词+介词(介词动词)其作用相当于一个及物动词。Shelooksafterthechildrenduringtheday.Thepolicemenaresearchingforthesuspect.常见的这类短语动词有:acton(遵照)lookat(看)amountto(等于)objectto(反对)callon(号召)relyon(依靠)consistof(由…组成)standfor(代表)insiston(坚持“主张”)applyfor(申请)longfor(渴望)believein(信仰)operateon(动手术)comeacross(偶遇)persistin(坚持“看法”)gothrough(通过)sendfor(派人去请)listento(听)accountfor(解释)lookinto(调查)attendto(照料)playwith(玩)carefor(照顾)speakof(谈论)dependon(依靠)waitfor(等待)laughat(嘲笑)2)动词+副词(成语动词)(1)及物动词+副词相当于一个及物动词。Youcancountmeout.Theyputoutthebigfire.Theyputthebigfireout.短语动词-类型Note:在成语动词的“及物动词+副词”结构中,副词的位置由所接的宾语决定的,若宾语为名词,所接宾语可置于副词之后,也可置于动词与副词之间;若宾语为代词时,通常只能置于动词和副词之间,如:Pleasecallhimup!(不用Pleasecalluphim!)只有当强调或对比时,用作宾语的代词才可置于副词之后,如:Pleasecalluphim,nother!请给他,而不是她打个电话!常见的这类短语动词有:Blowup(炸毁)puton(穿)Carryout(执行)setaside(留出)Giveup(放弃)takeover(接过)Lookup(查找)throwaway(抛弃)Pointout(指出)turnoff(关掉)Ruleout(排除)calloff(取消)Talkover(商量)giveaway(暴露)Thinkover(考虑)handout(分发)Turnon(接通)pickup(拣起)Wipeout(消灭)ringup(打电话)Bringup(抚养)setup(建立)Findout(查明)takeoff(脱掉)Handin(上交)turndown(拒绝)Makeout(认出)winover(说服)2)动词+副词(成语动词)(2)不及物动词+副词其作用相当于一个不及物动词。TheFirstWorldWarbrokeoutin1914.Theywillprobablyturnuplateasusual.短语动词-类型常见的这类短语动词有:Backup(支持)getup(起床)Cometo(苏醒)growup(长大)Fadeaway(褪色)lookout(小心)Goon(继续)takeoff(起飞)Pullup(停车)catchup(赶上)Knockoff(停工)dropout(退出)Standup(起立)givein(让步)Dieaway(渐渐消失)hangaround(逗留)Passaway(去世)showoff(炫耀)3)动词+副词+介词(成语介词动词)其作用相当于一个及物动词。I’mlookingforwardtoseeingyounextweek.Thedoctoradvisedhimtocutdownonsmoking.短语动词-类型常见的这类词有:Catchupwith(赶上)getawaywith(逃避惩罚)Cutdownon(减少)getthroughwith(完成)Fitinwith(适合)keepupwith(跟上)Getalongwith(相处)lookdownon(瞧不起)Goinfor(从事于)makeupfor(补偿)Liveupto(实现)sitinon(旁听)Lookupto(尊敬)watchoutfor(留神)Runoutof(用光)comedownwith(患病)Throwbackon(依靠)doawaywith(抛弃)Comeupwith(提出)getdownto(认真对待)Datebackto(追溯)goonwith(继续)Keepoutof(不介入)putupwith(忍受)Lookforwardto(期望)standupto(反对)4)动词+名词+介词其作用相当于一个及物动词。Theyoftenmakefunofthepoorboy.Wepaidmuchattentiontohisre