高中英语语法《主谓一致》教案

-1-高中英语语法《主谓一致》教案一主谓一致的种类1.语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:Thenumberofthestudentspresentis200.JaneandMarylookalike.2.意义上一致1主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。如:Thecrowdwereshouting.单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people,police,cattle等。2主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。如:Thenewswassosurprising.形复意单的单词有news和一些以ics结尾的学科名称,如physics,politics,economics等。3.就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or,either…or,neither…not,notonly…butalso等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如:EitheryourstudentsorMr.Wangknowsthis.(二主谓一致的应用1.名词作主语1某些集体名词,如family,team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:Hisfamilyisahappyone.ThewholefamilyarewatchingTV.这类名词有:audience,class,club,company,crew,enemy,crowd,government,group,party,public,team等。-2-名词population一词的使用情况类似。“agroup(crowdof+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个部分。2某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。如:Thepolicearesearchingforthethief.3单、复数同形的名词主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如:Asheepisoverthere.Somesheepareoverthere.4名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等,作主语时,动词一般用单数。如:Thedoctor’sisacrossthestreet.Myuncle’sisnotfarfromhere.常见的省略名词有:thebaker’s,thebarber’s,thecarpenter’s,theZhang’s等。表示店铺的名词,一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。如:Richardson’shavealotofgoodstosell.5当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。如:Threeyearshaspassedsincethen.6不定代词each,every,no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:Eachboyandeachgirlwantstogotothecinema.7如果主语有morethanone…或manya…构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:Morethanonestudenthasreadthebook.Manyagirlhasbeenthere.但是,“more+复数名词+thanone”结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如:Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.-3-8一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式,例如:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。但如果主语用“akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.9thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(这种书,其谓语动词用单数;短语thiskindofmen=menofthiskind=thesekindofmen(口语(这一类人,但thiskindofmen的谓语动词用单数,menofthiskind和thesekindofmen的谓语动词用复数,allkindsof后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:Thiskindofmenisdangerous.Menofthiskindaredangerous.10复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致原则,作用单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有:means(方法,works(工厂,species(种类,Chinese,Japanese等。如:The(Thisglassworkswassetupin1980.(这家玻璃厂建于1980年。The(Theseglassworksareneartherailwaystation.(这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。当它们前面有a,sucha,this,that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all,such,these,those修饰时,谓语用复数,但means,nomeans,themeans等词前没有以上修饰词时,可用作单数,也可用作复数。11如果名词词组中心词是all,most,half,rest等词语,所指的复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之,用单数。如:Allofmyclassmateslikemusic.Allofthewaterisgone.12在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture.2.由连接词连接的名词作主语1用and或both…and连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。如:Plasticsandrubberneverrot.Walkingandridingaregoodexercises.但是,并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如:Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.-4-Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.Toloveandtobelovedisgreathappiness.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.Aknifeandforkisonthetable.2当主语后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数而定。如:Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasreadinginthelibrary.3以or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等连接的名词(代词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如:Tomorhisbrothersarewaitingintheroom.Eitheryouorheistogo.3.代词作主语1名词性物主代词作主语时,既可以用作单数,也可以用作复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如:Yourshoesareblack,andmine(=myshoesarebrown.2such,thesame起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如:Suchisourplan.Sucharehiswords.3关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:Thosewhowanttogopleaseputupyourhands.Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.4疑问代词who,what,which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如:Wholivesnextdoor?ItisXiaoLiu.Wholivenextdoor?ItisZhangandLiu.5不定代词any,either,neither,none,allsome,more等作主语时,有以下两种情况:单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词用单数或复数形式,例如:Nowallhasbeenchanged.Allarepresent.either,neither单独作主语时,谓语通常用单数。-5-但后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词当然用单数形式,若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。如:Do(esanyofyouknowhisaddress?Noneofthemhas(haveseenthefilm.4.分数、量词作主语1“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“alotof,lotsofplentyof,alargequantityof,aheapof,heapsof,halfof+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语,例如:Lotsofdamagewascausedbyfire.Aboutthree-fourthsoftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredwithwater.Three-fifthsoftheworkersherearewomen.和这种情况类似的还有“anumberof+名词复数”,但是,“thenumberof+名词”的中心词却是number,试比较:Anumberofstudentshavegonehome.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookistwohundred.注意:(largequantitiesof修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数,例如:Quantitiesoffood(nutswereonthetable.短语inquantity,inlargequantities意为“大量”;insmallquantities意为“少量”。2agreatdealof,alargeamountof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;largeamountsof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数,例如:Alargeamountof(Agreatdealofdamagewasdoneinaveryshorttime.3表示数量的oneandahalf后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,例如:Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.4halfof,(apartof修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数。5.名词化的形容词作主语如果主语由“the+形容词(或过去分词”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数,这类词有:thebrave,thepoor,therich,theblind,theyoung,theold,thesick,thedead,thedeafanddumb,theoppressed,theinjured,thewounded,theunemployed等;但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。如:Theblindstudyinspecialschools.-6-Thedepartedwasawell-knownengineer.这类形容词或