连词Conjunction连词是一种虚词,起着连接作用,即连接词与词或句与句。在句子中不单独用作句子成分。WhatisConjunction?e.g.Wemaybeleavingtodayortomorrow.(连接词与词)NowImustgoorIshallbelatefortheparty.(连接句与句)连词数量有限,却很重要。以that为例:1.Thatsheshouldhaveignoredtherealisticworldwasnatural.她忽视现实世界是很自然的。(引导主语从句)2.Hephonedmethathewantedtoseeme.他给我打电话说想见我。(引导宾语从句)3.Yourfaultisthatyou’retoocareless.你的毛病是过于粗心。(引导表语从句)连词数量有限,却很重要。以that为例:4.Hecametothedecisionthathemustactatonce.他决定马上行动。(引导同位语从句)5.Iamhopefulthathewillcome.我希望他能来。(引导状语从句)6.BringitcloserthatImayseebetter.拿近点让我看得清楚些。(引导状语从句)并列连词WhatisConjunction?从属连词连词按其性质可分为两类:并列连词并列连词表示连接的词,短语,从句或句子之间具有并列关系。并列连词表平行关系表转折关系表选择关系表因果关系1.表示平行关系的连词:and(和,而且)both…and(和,两者都)neither…nor(既不…也不…)notonly…butalso(不但…而且…)aswellas(和,也,除…外,而且)祈使句后用and,有条件句作用此时and=ifyou…youwill…Studyhard,andyouwillpasstheexam.Gostraight,andyouwillseethelibrary.2.both…and…既…也…,两者都(谓语用复数)BothyouandJimarefromEngland.ShecanspeakbothFrenchandEnglish.3.neither…nor既不…也不…,两者都不…连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。NeitherInorhelikesthissong.并列连词并列连词4.Notonly…butalso…不但…而且…(就近原则)Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenareill.Henotonlywashedtheclothesbutalsocleanedtheroom5.aswellas…与…一样,也1)用来连接并列的主语时,谓语动词要与前一主语保持一致HelenaswellasIisgoingtoHKnextweek.2)如aswellas前是不定式,那其后面也应是不定式,但to省略Hermotheraskshertodothehouseworkaswellas(to)lookafterhersister.二,表示选择关系的连词1.either…or要么…要么…不是…就是…(就近原则)EitheryouorIamgoingtheretomorrow.Sheiseitherdrunkormad.Eitheryouorsheattendsthemeeting.2.or还是,或者,否则Issheateacherorastudent?Hurryup,orwewillmissthebus.3.otherwise否则(可与or互换)Getupquickly,otherwiseyouwillbelateforschool.三,表示转折关系的连词but但是heisold,butheisveryhealthy.however然而,但是,可放在句首,中,末,通常用逗号隔开,作插入语。Myroomissmall,however,it’sverycomfortable.while然而,而Iamgoodatswimmingwhileheisgoodatrunning.yet,然而,可是Hestudiedhard,yethefailtheexam.四,表示因果关系的连词so因此,所以(不能与because连用)therefore因此,所以(比so正式,常与and连用)for因为与because的区别:for的句子重心在for前的分句,而because重心在because引导的从句It’smorning,forthebirdsaresinging.(对,表推断的原因)It’smorning,becausethebirdsaresinging.(错,因为鸟叫不是天亮的直接原因)但可以说thebirdsaresingingbecauseit’smorning.注:在定语从句中主句与从句之间的连接词叫关系代词和关系连词。从属连词从属连词是用来连接主句和从句。分为引导名词性从句的连词和引导状语从句的连词。从属连词(1).that,whether,if,在从句中不充当任何成分.(2).连接代词who,whom,which,what,充当从句的主,宾,定,表语等成分.(3).连接副词when,where,how,why,充当从句的状语成分.1.引导名词性的从句时,连词又叫做连接词、连接代词和连接副词。2.连接状语从句的连词1.引导时间状语从句的:after,before,when,as,while,since,until,till,assoonas,etc.2.引导原因状语从句的:because,since,as,etc.3.引导让步状语从句的:although,though,nomatter(无论),evenif(though)4.引导条件状语从句的:if,unless,once,so(as)longas5.引导结果状语从句的:so…that…,such…that…6.引导目的状语从句的:sothat…,inorderthat…7.引导比较状语从句的:as…as…,notso(as)…as…,…than…8.引导方式状语从句的:asif…1.引导时间状语从句的:when,while,as,before,after,until,till等when用来引导长时间的从句时,从句中用短暂性动词;用来引导长时间的从句时,用持续性动词。当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,be动词可省略WhenIgothome,myfamilywerealreadyhavingdinner.(when表示点时间)Whentheywerestilltalkingandlaughing,theteachercamein.(when表示时间段)When(youare)introuble,askhimforhelp.从属连词while用来引导延续性动作或状态的从句,强调主从句的动作同时发生或持续。①while通常表示一段时间,从句中要用持续性动词作谓语。shefellasleepwhileshewasreadingthenewspaper.②while有时可以作并列连词,表示对比,可译成……然而……。IamfondofEnglishwhilehelikesmath.as引导的从句中多用表示动作的动词,不用be动词,且多是短暂性或发展变化的情况,可理解为“随着”①as表示点时间时,从句中用短暂性动词;表示段时间时,用持续性动词。as和when两者经常可以通用。Thethiefwascaughtas/whenhewasstealinginthesupermarket.②as表示一边……一边……,强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。Theytalkedastheywalked.③as表示随着Astimegoeson,it'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.表示在…之前或在…之后,before&afterTurnoffthelightbeforeyouleave.Ioftenplaycomputerafterfinishingmyhomework.表示自从,直到since&untilShehasstudiedveryhardsinceshecametoourschool.两者区别:1.till不能用于句首2.用在否定句中,表示直到…才,这个动作直到untill所表示的时候才发生。Untilyoutoldme,Ihavenoideaofit.Jimdoesn’tgotobeduntil/tillhismotherisback.表示一…就…assoonas,onceIwilltellyouassoonasIhearfromher.Onceyoubeginyoumustpersist.2.引导原因状语从句的:because,since,as,forbecause表直接原因,语气最强,用于回答why的问题,一般放在主句后,也可单独使用IstudiedathomebecauseIamtired.since表示的原国是大家已知,或显然的,强调说话者和听者都知道,也可译为“既然”Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sstart.as表示的原因为大家已知,可译为由于,从句说明原因,主语说明结果Asit’sraining,wetakeataxitogohome.for表推测的原因,句子重心在for前的分句,也可以表示对主句的看法或解释。Itisgoingtorain,forit’sgettingdark.Hemaybeill,forheisabsenttoday.1.for是并列连词,只用于连接表示原因的分句,因此不能用于句首。because表示原因时,可位于句首。【误】Forhedidnotobeytherules,hewaspunished.【正】Becausehedidnotobeytherules,hewaspunished.2.for表示的是推断解释,because强调动作发生的直接原因。Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.(不可用because,因为地面湿不是天下雨的原因)because和for的区别Thedaybreaks,forthebirdsaresinging.(不可用because,因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因)Hewenttobedearly,becausehewastired(直接的理由)Hemustbetired,forhewenttobedearly.(间接的推断)because和for的区别3.引导条件状语从句的连词:if,unless,aslongasif如果,表示在某种条件下某事会发生,也可以表虚拟或假设Ifyouaskhim,wewillhelpyou.IfIwereyou,Iwon’tdothat.aslongas只要Nothingisimpossibleaslongaswetry.Thereisn'tanyorangeinthebottle.unless=ifnot,表示反面条件,如果不、除非。Theywillgotomorrowunlessitrains.=(Theywillgotomorrowifitdoesn'train.)Iwon'tletyouinunlessyoushowmeyourpass.(=Iwon‘tletyouinifyoudon’tshowmeyourpass.)4.引导目的状语从句的:inorderthat,sothat1.inorderthat为了,以便Theytookataxiinorderthattheycouldsavetime.2.sothat为了,以便IgotupearlysothatIcouldcatchthefirstbus.5.引导结果状语从句的:so…that,such…that…1.so+形/副