Labour-Party

------OneofthetwomainBritishpoliticalparties.LabourParty英语1202李朗2012012465BasicInformation•Foundtime：02/27/1900•Headofficeaddress：TheOldQueenStreetNO.16,London,SW1H9HP•Politicalbelief:democraticsocialism/socialdemocracy•Politicalline：left-of-center•InternationalRelations：SocialistInternational•Colorsymbol：red•PolicyTheory:FabiansocialismLeadersoftheLabourPartysince1906•KeirHardie,1906–1908•ArthurHenderson,1908–1910•GeorgeNicollBarnes,1910–1911•RamsayMacDonald,1911–1914•ArthurHenderson,1914–1917•WilliamAdamson,1917–1921•JohnRobertClynes,1921–1922•RamsayMacDonald,1922–1931•ArthurHenderson,1931–1932•GeorgeLansbury,1932–1935•ClementAttlee,1935–1955•HughGaitskell,1955–1963LeadersoftheLabourPartysince1906•GeorgeBrown,1963(acting)•HaroldWilson,1963–1976•JamesCallaghan,1976–1980•MichaelFoot,1980–1983•NeilKinnock,1983–1992•JohnSmith,1992–1994•MargaretBeckett,1994(acting)[102]•TonyBlair,1994–2007•GordonBrown,2007–2010•HarrietHarman,2010(acting)[102]•EdMiliband,since2010FoundingofthepartyTheLabourPartyisacentre-leftpoliticalpartyintheUnitedKingdom,andoneofthetwomainBritishpoliticalpartiesalongwiththeConservativeParty.TheLabourPartywasfoundedin1900andovertooktheLiberalPartyingeneralelectionsduringtheearly1920s,formingminoritygovernmentsunderRamsayMacDonaldin1924and1929–1931.Thepartywasinawartimecoalitionfrom1940to1945,afterwhichitformedamajoritygovernmentunderClementAttlee.Labourwasalsoingovernmentfrom1964to1970underHaroldWilsonandfrom1974to1979,firstunderWilsonandthenJamesCallaghan.LabourRepresentationCommittee•In1899,aDoncastermemberoftheAmalgamatedSocietyofRailwayServants,ThomasR.Steels,proposedinhisunionbranchthattheTradeUnionCongresscallaspecialconferencetobringtogetherallleft-wingorganisationsandformthemintoasinglebodythatwouldsponsorParliamentarycandidates.ThemotionwaspassedatallstagesbytheTUC,andtheproposedconferencewasheldattheMemorialHallonFarringdonStreeton26and27February1900.Themeetingwasattendedbyabroadspectrumofworking-classandleft-wingorganisations—tradesunionsrepresentedaboutonethirdofthemembershipoftheTUCdelegates.KeirHardie,oneoftheLabourParty'sfoundersanditsfirstleader.EarlyyearsandtheriseoftheLabourPartyLordshadpassedtheOsbornejudgmentrulingthatTradesUnionsintheUnitedKingdomcouldnolongerdonatemoneytofundtheelectioncampaignsandwagesofLabourMPs.ThegoverningLiberalswereunwillingtorepealthisjudicialdecisionwithprimarylegislation.TheheightofLiberalcompromisewastointroduceawageforMembersofParliamenttoremovetheneedtoinvolvetheTradeUnions.By1913,facedwiththeoppositionofthelargestTradesUnions,theLiberalgovernmentpassedtheTradeDisputesActtoallowTradeUnionstofundLabourMPsoncemore.DuringtheFirstWorldWartheLabourPartysplitbetweensupportersandopponentsoftheconflictbutoppositiontothewargrewwithinthepartyastimewenton.RamsayMacDonald,anotableanti-warcampaigner,resignedasleaderoftheParliamentaryLabourPartyandArthurHendersonbecamethemainfigureofauthoritywithintheparty.HewassoonacceptedintoPrimeMinisterAsquith'swarcabinet,becomingthefirstLabourPartymembertoserveingovernment.FirstLabourgovernment(1924)•The1923generalelectionwasfoughtontheConservatives'protectionistproposalsbut,althoughtheygotthemostvotesandremainedthelargestparty,theylosttheirmajorityinparliament,necessitatingtheformationofagovernmentsupportingfreetrade.Thus,withtheacquiescenceofAsquith'sLiberals,RamsayMacDonaldbecamethefirsteverLabourPrimeMinisterinJanuary1924,formingthefirstLabourgovernment,despiteLabouronlyhaving191MPs(lessthanathirdoftheHouseofCommons).•BecausethegovernmenthadtorelyonthesupportoftheLiberalsitwasunabletogetanysocialistlegislationpassedbytheHouseofCommons.TheonlysignificantmeasurewastheWheatleyHousingAct,whichbeganabuildingprogrammeof500,000homesforrentaltoworking-classfamilies.Legislationoneducation,unemploymentandsocialinsurancewerealsopassed.RamsayMacDonald:FirstLabourPrimeMinister,1924and1929–31•AttheendofthewarinEurope,inMay1945,LabourresolvednottorepeattheLiberals'errorof1918,andsopromptlywithdrewfromgovernment,ontrade'sunionisistence,tocontestthe1945generalelectioninoppositiontoChurchill'sConservatives.Surprisingmanyobservers,Labourwonaformidablevictory,winningjustunder50%ofthevotewithamajorityof159seats.Post-warvictoryunderAttleeandmajorreforms(1945-1951)ClementAttlee:LabourPrimeMinister,1945–51•Afteritsdefeatinthe1979electiontheLabourPartyunderwentaperiodofinternalrivalrybetweentheleft-wing,representedbyTonyBenn,andtheright-wingrepresentedbyDenisHealey.TheelectionofMichaelFootasleaderin1980,andthepoliciestheyopposed,ledin1981tofourformercabinetministersfromtherightoftheBy1982,theNationalExecutiveCommitteehadconcludedthattheentryistMilitantgroupwereincontraventionoftheparty'sconstitution.TheMilitantnewspaper'sfivemembereditorialboardwereexpelledon22February1983.TheWildernessYears(1979–1997)NeilKinnock,leaderofthepartyinopposition,1983-1992•NewLabourwasfirsttermedasanalternativebrandingfortheLabourParty,datingfromaconferencesloganfirstusedbytheLabourPartyin1994,whichwaslaterseeninadraftmanifestopublishedbythepartyin1996,calledN