International-Phonetic-Alphabet

IPAConversationEmergencyAnnoucementScheduleScheduleInternationalPhoneticAlphabetFacilitator:CharlotteDate:Dec26,201701Introduction03ConsonantsVowels02IntroductiontoPhoneticSymbolsThedefinitionofPhoneme;Thedefinitionofphoneticsymbols:Theare48phoneticsymbols,amongwhichthereare20vowelsand28consonants.Thedefinitionofsyllable:Asyllableisapartofawordthatcontainsasinglevowelsoundandthatispronouncedasaunit.单元音[i:]舌前向硬腭抬起，舌位较高双唇微微张开，呈扁平口形，如同微笑时；发音时声带振动（手摸喉咙能感觉到）[i]舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向上腭抬起，比[i:]发音时略低；双唇仍呈扁平口形，比[i:]要稍大；发音时声带振动，发音时间比[i:]短促。[e]舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭稍抬起，舌位介于[i][æ]之间；发音时声带振动；牙床半合，上下齿间可容纳一个食指尖。舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，比[e]发音时略低，开口度比[e]大；双唇向两旁平伸，成扁平形；发音时咽喉有收缩，声带振动；上下齿间可容纳食指和中指。[æ][a:]口张大，舌尖压低并后缩，舌尖不抵触下齿；舌后稍抬起，双唇微收圆；发音时声带振动长元音，注意发音法度舌身压低并后缩，舌后部抬起，双唇稍稍收圆，发短音；发音时声带振动。[ɔ]舌后部抬得比[ɔ]稍高双唇呈中圆口形，并向前突出，发长音。发音时声带振动；[ɔ:][u:]舌尖离开下齿，舌后部向软腭抬起。双唇收圆，收小并向前突出；舌位最高口腔肌肉始终保持紧张状态；发音时声带振动。[u]舌尖离开下齿，但不与上齿接触；舌身后缩，舌后部向软腭抬起；双唇呈圆形，稍微向前突出，口腔肌肉放松；舌放平，舌尖轻抵下齿底部，舌中部略抬起；双唇呈扁平口形,发音时口腔肌肉紧张发音时声带振动；[ə:]舌放平，舌尖轻抵下齿底部，舌中部略抬起；肌肉放松，发短音；发音时声带振动；[ə]后缩，舌尖轻触下齿，舌中部稍抬起；双唇张开，唇形稍扁，并稍向后两旁平移；发音时声带振动；[ʌ]VowelsLongVowelsCombinationWords/ɑ:/a\arclass\fast\car/ɔ:/al\or\au\our\arall\wall\short\more\autumn\four\warm/ə:/ir\ur\ear\er\orgirl\shirt\turn\learn\burger\worst\term/i:/ee\ea\e\ie\eybee\neat\piece\me\key/U:/oo\u\oroom\do\trueVowelsShortVowelsCombinationWords/ʌ/u\o\ou\ooup\come\trouble\blood/ɒ/o\alost\fox\want\watch/ə/er\or\ou\ar\o\a\e\ufarmer\doctor\dollar\gracious\account/ɪ/i\y\esit\myth\decide/ʊ/oo\ou\u\ofoot\should\put\woman/e/e\ea\ahead\pleasure\elephant\many/æ/abag/hand/ant/hat双元音[ei]先发[e]音，然后滑向[ei]音；双唇稍平，口形从半开到合；发音前长后短，前重后轻；发音时声带振动。[ai]先发[a:]音，然后滑向[ai]音；发[a:]音时，舌尖抵住下齿；发音前长后短，前重后轻；发音过程中，下颚迅速向上移动；发音时声带振动。先发[ɔ]音，然后滑向[i]音；唇形由圆唇变为扁唇；发音前长后短，前重后轻；发音时声带振动。[ɔi]先发[ə]音，然后滑向[i]音；发音过程中，下颚稍抬高，双唇由扁平收圆；发音前长后短，前重后轻；发音时声带振动。[əʊ][au]先发[a:]音，然后滑向[u]音；双唇逐渐收成圆形，并把舌后部稍稍抬起；发音前长后短，前重后轻；发音时声带振动。先发[i]音，然后滑向[ə]音；发[i]音时，用扁平唇；发音过程中，双唇稍稍展开；发音前长后短，前重后轻；发音时声带振动。[ɪə]先发[e]音，然后滑向[ə]音；双唇半开；发音前长后短，前重后轻；发音时声带振动。[eə]先发[u]音，然后滑向[ə]音；双唇由稍圆而展开；发音前长后短，前重后轻；发音时声带振动。[ʊə]VowelsDiphthongsCombinationWords/eɪ/a\ay\ea\ai\eyname\play\great\rain\grey/aɪ/i\ybike\try/ɔɪ/oy\oiboy\choice/ɪə/eer\earbeer\near/eə/ear\air\erepear\chair\there\care/ʊə/ourtour/əʊ/o\ow\oahome\konw\goal/aʊ//aʊə/ou\ow\ourhouse\now\hourPracticetime/taɪm/dear/dɪə/term/təːm/hour/'aʊə/team/tiːm/fare/feə/Tim/tim/short/ʃɔːt/name/neɪm/ever/'evə/no/nəʊ/fast/fɑːst/toy/tɔɪ/fat/fæt/again/ə'gen/fun/fʌn/doctor/'dɒktə/fox/fɒks/room/ruːm/foot/fut/DialoguesA:Whattimeisitnow?B:Oh,it's3o'clocknow.A:Ourmeetingaboutfirst-aidwillstartinahour.B:No!Itotallyforgetthat.Ipromoisedtofinishmyreporttoday.A:Sorrytohearthat.Guessyouhavetoworkovertimetoday.B:Thisisreallyannoying.MaybeIshallaskforanextension.A:Idon'tthinkProfessorLeewouldevercare.B:Youcansaythatagain.Whatamess!A:Hey,cheerup.Imightbeabletohelpyouwithitafterthismeeting.B:Youaremyhero.Iloveyousomuch...A:Yeah~Iknow...辅音爆破音1.[p]&[b]•双唇闭紧，气流突然冲开双唇，冲出口腔。•[p]是清辅音，声带不振动。•[b]是浊辅音，声带振动。爆破音2.[t]&[d]•舌尖紧抵上齿龈，形成阻碍，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔。•[t]是清辅音，声带不振动。•[d]是浊辅音，声带振动。爆破音[k]&[g]•舌后部抬起，紧贴软腭，形成阻碍。气流冲开阻碍后冲出口腔。•[k]是清辅音，声带不振动。•[g]是浊辅音，声带振动。摩擦音[f]&[v]•下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿问的缝隙通过，摩擦成音。•[f]是清辅音，声带不振动。•[v]是浊辅音，声带振动。摩擦音2.[s]&[z]•舌端靠近上齿龈，气流从舌端和齿龈间通过，形成摩擦音。•[s]是清辅音，声带不振动。•[z]是浊辅音，声带振动。摩擦音3.[θ]&[ð]•舌尖轻触上齿背部，气流从舌齿问的缝隙送出。•[θ]是清辅音，声带不振动。[ð]是浊辅音，声带振动。摩擦音4.[∫]&[ʒ]•舌身抬起靠近硬腭，舌端抬向上齿龈，形成狭长通道，气流由此通过，双唇稍微收圆并略突出。•[∫]是清辅音，声带不振动。•[ʒ]是浊辅音，声带振动。摩擦音发音时口张开，在通过声门时发出轻微摩擦，气流经过口腔时不受阻碍。[h]是清辅音，声带不振动。5.[h]破擦音1.[tʃ]&[dʒ]舌尖舌端抬高，贴住上齿龈后部形成阻碍，气流冲出阻碍摩擦成音。口形稍突出，略成方形。[tʃ]是清辅音，声带不振动，[dʒ]是浊辅音，声带振动。破擦音2.[tr]&[dr]舌尖向上卷起，并抵住上齿龈后部，气流冲出舌尖和齿龈之问的阻碍，双唇收圆，稍向前突出。[tr]是清辅音，声带不振动，[dr]是浊辅音，声带振动.破擦音3.[ts]&[dz]舌端贴住上齿龈，形成阻碍，气流冲破阻碍，口形扁平。[ts]是清辅音，声带不振动，[dz]是浊辅音，声带振动。鼻音1.[m]双唇紧闭，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔送出。在词末时，须略延长，以防止吞音。舌尖紧贴上齿龈，软腭下垂，形成阻碍，气流由鼻腔送出。在词末时，须略延长，以防止吞音。鼻音2.[n]软腭下垂，舌后部向软腭抬起，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出。词末时发音清晰有力，略微延长。鼻音3.[ŋ]半元音舌后部向软腭抬起，舌位高，口形收圆并稍向前突出,发音短促，一经发出，立刻向后面的元音滑动，起辅音的作用。[w]经常发[W]这个音的字母及组合有：wwh例词：waitwalkwalletwaiterweekwhalewhitewhenwhywhat半元音舌前部尽量向硬腭抬起，双唇平展，口微开，舌面和硬腭稍有摩擦，该半元音一经发出，立刻向后面的元音滑动，起辅音的作用。[j]经常发/j/这个音的字母及组合有：yu例词：yesyo-yoyogurtyolkyearyoungunituniteunify舌边音1.[ǀ]元音前读清晰[l]，舌端抵上齿龈，气流从舌的一侧或两侧泄出；辅音前或词末发含糊[l]，舌端也抵上齿龈，但是与清晰音相比，舌前部低,舌后部高，发音略长。舌尖卷起，抬向上齿龈后部，但不发生摩擦，舌两侧稍收拢，口形略突出，气流通过时发出轻微摩擦，[r]是浊辅音，声带振动。舌边音2.[r]ConsonantsPlosiveConsonantsCombinationWordsVoiceless/t/tteach/catVoiced/d/ddoor/desk/needVoiceless/k/c/kcake/kiteVoiced/g/g/scgreat/goat/schoolVoiceless/p/pplease/policeVoiced/b/b/spbright/speakConsonantsConsonantsFricativeCombinationWordsVoiceless/f/f/ph/ghfine/phone/laughVoiced/v/v/gvery/ofVoiceless/s/ssun/sixVoiced/z/z/szip/noseVoiceless/∫/sh/tionshe/mentionVoiced/ʒ/surepleasure/treasureVoiceless/θ/ththree/thingVoiced/ð/ththat/thereVoiceless/h/h/whhot/whoConsonantsAffricateConsonantsCombinationWordsVoiceless[tʃ]chlunch/catchVoiced[dʒ]dge/ge/jbridge/age/JulyVoiceless[tr]trtree/tryVoiced[dr]drdry/drinkVoiceless[ts]tsnuts/bootsVoiced[dz]dswords/gradesConsonantsNasalConsonantsCombinationWordsVoiced[m]mmum/mustVoiced[n]nnose/noteVoiced[ŋ]ingdoing/goingLateralConsonantsCombinationWordsVoiced[r]rrightVoiced[l]lnose/noteSemivowelsComb