搜索
汉英句子的比较与翻译刘宁&孙怡意合和形合•意合：主要靠句子内部的逻辑联系，指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（SemanticConnection）”•形合：句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语言本身的语法手段（形式手段），包括的句法手段（SyntacticDevices）或词汇手段（LexicalDevices）•一、英语的形合法•1.关系词和连接词（RelativePronounsandAdverbsandConjunctions）•2.介词(preposition)•3.其他连接手段•二、汉语的意合法：•1、语序•2、反复、排比、对偶、对照等•3、紧缩句•4、四字句•人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人•Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.•有饭大家吃（=如果有饭的话，那就大家一起吃吧！）•Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会于外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。回译文：Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities,theruralworldisisolated.Theisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia.•原文:Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandlackoftransportfacilities,iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.一.语法手段冬天是研究树木生长的最好的季节，虽然树叶落了，树枝光了，但是树木本身却是美的。Winteristhebestseasontostudythegrowthprocessofthetree.Althoughtheleavesaregoneandthebranchesarebare,thetreesthemselvesarebeautiful.•今晚在院子里坐着乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。•译文一、TonightIsatintheyardenjoyingthecoolofevening.IsuddenlythoughtoftheLotusPondIpassedeveryday:itmustsurelylookdifferentnowinthelightofthefullmoon.•译文二、Tonight,whenIwassittingintheyardenjoyingthecool,itoccurredtomethattheLotusPond,whichIpassbyeveryday,mustassurequiteadifferentlookinsuchamoonlightnight.二、关系词和连接词•汉语少用甚至不用这类词，句子之间的语法关系和逻辑联系注重隐形连贯（implicitcoherence)。•英语却离不开这些关系词和连接词，注重显性衔接（explicitcohesion）。•“知己知彼，百战不殆；不知己而知彼，一胜一负；不知己而不知彼，每战必殆。”•“Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.Youwillwinonebattleandloseonebattleifyouknowyourself,butleaveyourselfinthedarkabouttheenemy.Youwillloseeverybattleifyouleaveboththeenemyandyourselfinthedark.”•吃苦在前，享乐在后。•Bethefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoythecomforts.三、使用介词•介词：简单介词，合成介词，成语介词•With,to,in,of,about,between,through•Inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout•Accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof…•好不容易说服她，照我的想法办。•WithsomedifficultyIbroughtherroundtomywayofthinking.•彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。•Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.四、形合手段的综合运用•中国将努力促进国内粮食增产，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%。•Chinaendeavorstoincreaseitsgrainproductionsothatitsself-efficiencyrateofgrainundernormalconditionwillbeabove95percent.汉英句子成分分析•汉英主语、定语和状语的差异及其翻译•主语：英语讲究形合，句意围绕主语展开；汉语句子重意合，组句方式比较灵活，整个句子一所要表达的思想为中心构建。•(一)、汉语主语的省略：•不怕寒冷，不怕危险，不怕饥饿，不怕困难，勇敢的战士们，什么都不怕。•Bravesoldiersfearednothing–notthecold,thedanger,thehunger,orthehardship.（二）、汉语中的散点思维他的魁梧的身形，温柔的脸，慈祥的目光，热情而有力的声音，时时出现在会场上,课堂上，杨家岭山下的大道边。We’dseehimoftenbytheroadsideatthefootofYangjialingHill,orinaclassroom,orinameetinghall.Alwaysaphysicallypowerfulpresence,he’dbesmiling,hiskindeyessparklingandhisvoicewarm.•（三）、处理方法：•1.使用被动结构•有时候由于文化背景和风俗习惯的不同，也容易引起误会。•Sometimes,misunderstandingscanbecausedbydifferencesinculturalbackgroundsandcustoms.•2.名词结构•由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多湖泊。•TheconstantchangeofthecourseoftheYangtzeRiverinhistoryhelpedformagreatmanylakesintheareasaroundWuhan.•.•3.运用therebe结构•在确定切削速度时，要考虑许多因素。•Therearemanythingstobeconsideredindeterminingcuttingspeed.•4.使用形式主语中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度较大。ItwillbedifficultforChinatoreachthelevelofcountrieswithhighgrainproductioninashortperiodoftime.•二、定语•这幅画呈现了一个小女孩迎接下班后回家的妈妈的感人时刻。•Thispictureshowsatouchingmomentwhena•Littlegirlgreetshermotherwhohascomebackfromwork.•三、状语•因为工作上的需要，爸爸很关心中国的政治问题。•FatherisveryinterestedinChina’politicsbecauseoftheneedofhisjob.•Becauseoftheneedofhisjob,fatherisveryinterestedinChina’spolitics.第三节：逻辑与翻译一、主观与客观1.历史是人民创造的。Historyismadebythepeople.2.我每当听到一个旧友死去的消息，总要惆怅多时。Thenewsofanyoldpal’sdeathwillinvariablymakemesayinmyheartforalong,longtime.二、动态与静态1.我怀疑他是否还活着。Iamdoubtfulwhetherheisstillalive.2.他来回摇晃着脑袋，欲望在膨胀，意志在萎缩。Backandforthhisswiveled,desirewaxing,resolutionwaning.三、具体与抽象有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的式样，而一味追求坦胸露体的奇装异服。Inlinewithlatesttrendsinfashion,afewdressdesignershavebeensacrificingelegancetoaudacity.四、肯定与否定1.虽然是头一回拜访女友父母，张明一点都不觉得局促。ZhangMingwasquiteathiseaseinspiteofhisfirstvisittohisgirlfriend’sparents.2.你真不够朋友，一毛钱都不给我。Somefriendyouare.Youwon’tleadmeashilling.五、直率与含蓄1.今晚有空吗？我想请你吃饭。I’dliketoinviteyoutohaveadinnerifyouarefreetonight.2.我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而且是要积极友好的共处，这是正确而必要的。Webelievethatit’srightandnecessarythatpeoplewithdifferentpoliticalandsocialsystemsshouldlivesidebyside------notjustinapassivewaybutasactivefriends.•热烈欢迎世界各地客商来建立和发展商贸关系。•Customersallovertheworldarewarmlywelcomedtoestablishanddevelopbusinesscontactswithus.•由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且浪费了所有的钱。•Poorplanningwastedallhismoneyaswellashistime•不到黄河心不死•Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.•这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。•1.6milliontroopshavebeenmobilizedtohelpprotectthedikesandtomoveoutofareasbeingflooded.•人们已经把李白的实际译成了多种外国文字。•ThecollectionofliBai’spoemshasbeentranslatedintomanyforeignlanguages.•到去年年底，上海已与好几个国家签订了建造拉索桥的合同协议。•Bytheendofthelastyear,contractsandagreementsweresignedwithsomecountriesfortheconstructionofchainbridgesofShanghai.•上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。•AseriesofpreferentialpolicieshavebeenadoptedinShanghaitoattractforeigncapital.•明年将出版更多的儿童读物。•Morebooksforchildrenwillbepublishednextyear.•不同的人对退休持不同的态度。•Attitude