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PartVIDirectvs.Indirect•English:Indirect•Chinese:DirectIndirectEnglish•IEuphemism•IIImplicitness•IIIPeriphrasisIEuphemism•Euphemizingisgenerallydefinedassubstitutinganinoffensiveorpleasanttermforamoreexplicit,offensiveone,therebyveneeringthetruthbyusingkindwords.•ForExample:•InprivateIshouldmerelycallhimaliar.InthePressyoushouldusethewords:RecklessdisregardfortruthandinParliament---thatyouregretheshouldhavebeensomisinformed.•委婉是一种比较间接的方式来谈论不宜直言的人或事物。为了：•1）回避或掩盖某些严酷的社会现实；•2）为了防止“出口伤人”；•3）避免“有失体统”，显得文明礼貌。•1.BothEnglishandChinesehaveEuphemismwhichareusedtoexpressboring,awful,disgustanddisgracefulthings.•1）“死亡”•2）“上厕所”•3）“怀孕”•4）“身体太胖”•5）“老人，年老”•1）“死亡”•passaway;breatheone’slast;•gotoone’sMaker;bewithGod;•sleepwithone’sfathersjointhegreatmajority;paythedebtofnaturegotoglory;gotoabetterworld;sleepthefinalsleep,crosstheGreatDivide,climbthegoldenstaircase.•逝世、寿终、作古、谢世、归寂、坐化、牺牲、阵亡、殉职、捐躯、百年、与世长辞；•古代还有按等级之分的死：帝王之死“崩”或“晏驾”，诸侯之死“篳”；大夫之死“卒”，士之死“不禄”。•2）“上厕所”•gototherestroom,usethebathroom,•washone’shands,relieveoneself,•answeracallofnature;•（男）seeamanaboutahorse,•（女）fixone’sface,powderone’snose•大便、小便、方便、解手、大解、小解、净手、如厕、去洗手间•3）“怀孕”•beexpecting,•inafamilyway,(AmericanEnglish)•inthefamilyway,(English)•inaninterestingcondition•有喜、重身子、双身子、产妇、身怀六甲4）“身体太胖”•stout•ontheheavyside•发福•5）“老人，年老”•seniorcitizen•eldlypeople•advancedinage•年迈•年长•上了年纪•上岁数•年事已高•2.ComparedwithChinese,Englishhasmoreeuphemismsandtheyareusedmorefrequently.•powderroom----ladies’room女厕所•unpleasantodour------nastysmell难闻的气味•assault------rape强奸•soiledlinen------dirtyclothes脏衣服•unmentionables/nethergarments/inexpressibles----trousers裤子•InmordernUKorUS,euphemizing,implicitandhumorspeechisregaredasmarkofcivilizationandpoliteness.Inrecenttenyears,theusageofeuphemismissopopularthatnearlydeepintoeverycornerofsociallifeandpublicorprivatebusiness.Mostofthemarevivdandinterstingandcanreflectsocialandculturallife•2.1OfficialEuphemism官方委婉语。•2.2OccupationalEuphemism职业委婉语。•2.3SchoolEuphemism学校委婉语。•2.4Others各种事物委婉语•2.1OfficalEuphemism•includesallkindsofofficialese（官方英语）:•1)bureaucratese联邦政府官僚英语•2)Pentagonese五角大楼英语•3)State-Departmentese国务院英语•4)Gobbledygook官腔英语•5)unbababble地方市政府英语1)Bureaucratese联邦政府官僚英语Euphemismsaresopopularinofficialese,especiallyBureaucrateseamongwhichsomeofthemhavebecometrickstocoverthetruth,deceivethevoterandwinoverthewillofthepeople.Forexample:1)经济危机：ecnomiccrisisecnomicadjustment（经济调整）2)失业：unemplymentunderutilization（未充分利用人才）humanresourcesunderdevelopment（人才资源未充分开发）3)贫民区：sluminnercity;centralcity4）监狱：prisonhouseofcorrection(改造所，教养院)5）捏造：fabricatelessthantruthful（不大真实）6）窃听：eavesdroponintelligencegathering（收集情报）7）暗杀：assassinationliquidation（清算）•poor：•IusedtothinkIwaspoor.ThentheytoldmeIwasn'tpoor,Iwasneedy.Theytoldmeitwasself-defeatingtothinkofmyselfasneedy,Iwasculturallydeprived.Thentheytoldmedeprivedwasabadimage,Iwasunderprivileged.Thentheytoldmeunderprivilegedwasoverused,Iwasdisadvantaged.Istilldon'thaveadime,butIhaveagreatvocabulary!•2)Pentagonese五角大楼英语•为了掩盖侵略战争本性,国防部官员把它称为internationalarmedconflict(国际武装冲突);•对美国空军来说，空袭只是airsupport（空中增援），在原苏联领空侦察飞行仅是overflight（越界飞行）。•军方为了尽量缩小暴力破坏程度，把杀死敌人称作neutralizetheadversary（压制对手），把伤亡称为circadianderegulation（生理节奏的反常）•为了掩盖战争中失败的真相，五角大楼的官员会说：撤出exfiltration；战线调整anadjustofthefront=退却retreat；战略撤退strategicwithdrawl=战败defeat；•大量使用核武器的用语deterrence（威慑）；firststrikecapability（第一次打击能力），从不提nuclear核子这个词，也不提它可能导致人类的毁灭。•3)State-Departmentese国务院英语•外交官员常尽量缩小国际紧张局势的严重性，让公众对其真正的动机和国内外问题产生模糊印象。•当两位外长举行了一次usefulandbusinesslikemeeting（有益而一本正经的会晤），其实是一次什么问题也没有解决的会晤。•当两位总理进行了一次seriousandcandiddiscussion（认真而坦率的讨论），事实上是存在重大分歧。•2.2OccupationalEuphemism职业委婉语。•Peopleoftencreatesomeupliftingwordorimpressivetitletobeautifytheiroccupationinordertoimprovetheirsocialstatusandsatisfytheirvanity.•Sanitaryengineer•=garbageman垃圾清洁工•Meattechnologist•=butcher屠户•Memberoftheoldestprofession•=prostitute妓女•Mixologist•=bar-tender调酒师•landscapearchitect•=gardener园丁•beautician\cosmetician\tonsorialartist•=barber屠夫•householdexecutive\domesticmanager•=housewife家庭妇女•OccupationalEuphemisminChinese:•环卫工人，保姆，白衣天使，灵魂工程师，•出家人2.3SchoolEuphemism学校委婉语。•为了不磋商学生和家长的自尊心，•迟钝呆笨的学生是•unflamboyant（不浮夸）；•低能儿是•subnormal（智力逊常）；exceptional(special)child（情况特殊的孩子）.Teachersarerequestedtousethefollowingeuphemismsinaprimaryschool:•Showsdifficultyindistinguishingbetweenimaginaryandfactualmaterial•Lies撒谎•Needshelpinlearningtoadheretorulesandstandardsoffairplay•Cheats作弊•Needshelpinlearningtorespectthepropertyrightsofothers•Steals偷窃•Hasqualitiesofleadershipbutneedshelpinlearningtousethemdemocratically•Isabully恃强凌弱•2.4others各种事物委婉语•predrivenclassic•=usedcar•industrialaction•=strike罢工•colorminority•=Negro黑人•memorygarden•=cemetery墓地•facialdew•=sweat汗水•inthealtogether•=naked赤身裸体•willowy•=slender苗条•redirectedflight•=hijack劫机•Let'sgotoReno•=divorce办离婚（美内华达西部城市里诺以办离婚手续简便而著称）•IIImplicitness含蓄英美民族富于幽默,表达时常不把要说的话直接说出来,而用某种间接、含蓄的方式来陈述。汉语也有含蓄表达法，但较常用作修辞手段。•Allinall,ChinesetendstospeakdirectlybutEnglishusuallyuse:•1understatement克制陈述、•2litotes间接肯定、•3indirectnegation委婉否定•4tactfulimplication婉转暗示的表达方式。•1understatement克制陈