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1/25绪论（prelude）生物化学biochemistry无机离子inorganic生物分子biomolecular糖carbohydrate脂lipid核酸nucleicacid蛋白质protein维生素vitamin酶enzyme辅酶coenzyme激素hormone核苷酸nucleotide氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose单糖monosaccharide双糖disaccharide脂肪酸fattyacid克隆技术cloning克隆clone糖类（carbohydrate）糖carbohydrate/saccharide糖生物学glycobiology醛糖aldose酮糖ketose单糖monosaccharide寡/低聚糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide多糖polysaccharide复合糖compoud/complexsaccharide链状结构chainstructure构型configuration构象conformation异构isomerism对映体enanthiomer果糖fructose半乳糖galactose甘露糖mannose环状结构ringstructure异头物anomer不对称碳原子asymmetriccarbonatom投影式Fischer式透视式Haworth式椅式构象chainform船式构象boatform旋光性opticalactivity比旋光度specificrotation变旋性mutarotation2/25甜度sweetness半缩醛hemiacetal醛糖酸aldonicacid还原糖reducingsugar醛糖二酸aldaricacid糖醛酸uronicacid糖苷glycoside糖脎osazone/phenylosazone糠醛furfural蒽酮anthroneN-乙酰葡糖胺NAGN-乙酰-胞壁酸NAM蔗糖sucrose麦芽糖maltose乳糖lactose淀粉starch糖原glycogen纤维素cellulose壳多糖(几丁质)chitin琼脂agar支链淀粉amylopectin直链淀粉amylose肽聚糖peptidoglycan粘肽mucopeptide氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide磷壁酸teichoicacid软骨素4-或6-硫chondroitin4-or6-sulfate,CS脂多糖lipopolysaccharide糖蛋白glycoprotein透明质酸hyaluronicacid,HA肝素heparin,HP蛋白聚糖proteoglycan硫酸皮肤素dermatansulfate,DS硫酸角质素keratansuIfate,KS核心蛋白coreprotein连接蛋白linkprotein糖胺聚糖/粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide胞壁酸muramicacid神经氨酸neuraminicacid淀粉酶amylase糊精odextrin磷酸化酶phosphrylase糖肽键glycopeptidelinkag脂质（lipid）单脂simplelipid复脂compoundlipid衍生脂质derivedlipid脂肪酸fattyacid,FA饱和脂肪酸saturatedFA不饱和脂肪unsaturatedFA单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturatedFA多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturatedFA3/25乳化emulsification微团micelle离子型去污剂(乳化剂)ionicdetergent三脂triester甘油glycerolSn命名法StereospecificNumbering酰基甘油acylglycerol三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG甘油三脂triglyceride命名法nomenclature乙酰（化）值/价acetylationvalue酸值/酸价acidvalue加成反应additionreaction碘值/碘价iodinenumberorvalue皂化值saponificationvalue磷脂phospholipid甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid微囊vesicle磷脂酶phospholipase磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘(氨醇)磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide鞘磷脂sphingomyelin糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid必需脂肪酸essentialfattyacid蜡wax过氧化作用peroxidation磷脂酰胆碱/卵磷脂lecithin磷脂酰乙醇胺/脑磷脂cephalin双磷脂酰甘油/心磷脂cardiolipin萜terpene类固醇/甾醇steroid胆固醇cholesterol蛋白质(protein)化学蛋白质protein,pr蛋白水解酶proteolyticenzyme蛋白酶proteinase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胃蛋白酶pepsin嗜热菌蛋白酶themolysin氨基酸aminoacid,AA等电点isoelectricpoint,pI标准氨基酸standardaminoacid甘氨酸glycine,Gly,G丙氨酸alanine,Ala,A缬氨酸valine,Val,V亮氨酸lucine,Leu,L4/25异亮氨酸isoleucine,Ile,I丝氨酸serine,Ser,S苏氨酸threonine,Thr,T半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys,C甲硫/蛋氨酸methionine,Met,M谷氨酸glutamicacid,Glu,E谷氨酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q天冬氨酸asparticacid,Asp,D天冬酰胺asparagine,Asn,N赖氨酸lysine,Lys,K精氨酸arginine,Arg,R组氨酸histidine,His,H脯氨酸proline,Pro,P苯丙氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F色氨酸tryptophan,Trp,W酪氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y2,4一二硝基氟苯DNFB苯异硫氰酸酯PITC苯硫乙内酰脲AAPTH-AA苯氨基硫甲酰AAPTC-AA坂口反应Sakaguchi反应乙醛酸反应Hopking-Cole反应肽键peptidebond二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB(Ellman试剂)谷胱甘肽(GSH,Glu-Cys-Gly）肽（链）peptidechain酚试剂反应Folin-Cioculteu反应氨肽酶aminopeptidase羧肽酶carboxypeptidase真正单键puresinglebond二面角dihedralangle帽化capping部分双键的性质partialdouble-bondcharacter一级结构primarystructure二级结构secondarystructure三级结构tertiarystructure四级结构quaternarystructure二级结构元件secondarystructrueelement螺旋helixα-螺旋α-Helix氢键hydrogenbond疏水作用hydrophobicinteraction范德华力vanderWaalsforce5/25β-折叠β-pleatedsheet亚基/亚单位subunit自由回转/无规卷曲randomcoil结构域structuraldomain次级键(非共价键)noncovalentbond肌红蛋白myoglobin,Mb对称性symmetry超二级结构(花式)Super-secondarystructure肽链peptidechain多肽polypeptide活性肽activepeptideα-角蛋白α-keratin丝心蛋白fibroin胶原蛋白collagen血红蛋白hemoglobin,Hb别构作用allostericinteraction别构效应allostericeffect别构蛋白allostericprotein协同效应cooperativeeffect二磷酸甘油酸BPG核糖核酸酶ribonuclease,RNaseβ-转角β-turn(β-弯曲β-bend,β-回折或发夹结构hairpinstructure)纸层析filter-paperchromatography离子交换层析ion-exchangecolumnchromatography简单/纯蛋白质simpleprotein缀合蛋白质conjugatedprotein纤维状蛋白质fibrousprotein球状蛋白质globularprotein二硫键disulfidebond对角线电泳diagonalelectrophoresis氨基酸残基aminoacidresidues同源蛋白质homologyprotein二面角dihedralangle螺旋帽化helixcapping肌球蛋白myosin膜周边蛋白peripheralprotein膜内在蛋白antegralprotein脂锚定蛋白Lipid-anchoredprotein变性denaturation变性剂denaturationagent十二烷基硫酸钠SDS复性renaturation6/25珠蛋白globin血红素heme紧张态tensestate弛态relaxedstate镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cellanemia免疫球蛋白IgG渗透压osmoticpressure沉降系数sedimentationcoefficient沉降系数单位Svedbergunit,S凝胶过滤gelfiltration聚丙烯酰胺凝胶ployacrylamidegel水化层hydrationmantle亲水胶体hydrophiliccolloid双电层electricdoublelayer纯化purification分离isolation透析dialysis密度梯度densitygradient盐溶saltingin盐析saltingout电泳electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳ployacrylamidegelelectrophoresis毛细管电泳capillaryelectrophoresis等电聚焦isoelectricfocusing亲和层析affinitychromatography酶(enzyme)化学生物催化剂biocatalyst底物substrate单纯酶simpleenzyme结合酶conjugatedenzyme全酶holienzyme辅因子cofactor辅酶coenzyme辅基prostheticgroup金属离子metalion多酶复合体multienzymesystem寡聚酶oligomericenzyme单体酶monomericenzyme习惯命名法recommendedname国际系统命名法systematicname酶的专一性/特异性enzymespecificity诱导契合学说induced-fithypothesis7/25氧化还原酶oxidoreductases转移酶transferases水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase异构酶isomerases合成/连接酶ligases酶促反应enzymaticreaction酶活力enzymeactivity比活力specificactivity核酶ribozyme抗体酶abzyme酶工程enzymeengineering固体化酶immobilizedenzyme酶促反应动力学kineticsofenzyme-catalyzedreactions双倒数作图法Lineweaver-Burk作图法最适温度optimumtemperature,Tm最适pHoptimumpH活性部位activesite必需基