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英语国家概况课后问答题Book1EnglandChapter1QuestionsforThought:1.WhatwastheBritishEmpire?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?Inwhatwayisthe“Empire”stillfeltinBritainandintheinternationalfield?Keypoints:1.BeforetheendofWWII,theBritishEmpirewasoneofthemostpowerfulempires;itenjoyedthenameof“anempireonwhichthesunneverset”duetoitsoverseascoloniesontheworld.2.PeopleoftheBritishEmpirearedescendentsoftheAnglo-Saxons.3.Asystemofmonarchywasobservedstillontoday’sBritain,whichwentthroughthehistory.TheQueenisstilltheHeadoftheCommonwealth.4.the“Empire”stillcanbefeltinthefollowingways:a.therearestillcloserelationshipsbetweentheUKandthefiftyormorecountrieswhichusedtobeitsformercolonies,andwhichmaintainlinksthroughalooseorganizationcalledtheCommonwealthofNations.b.itbecameonememberoftheEuropeanUnionsince1973.c.theeffectalsoliesinthemakeupoftheBritishpopulationitself.Newlyimmigrantsmainlycamefromtheformercolonies,speciallyfromIndiaandCaribbeanarea.d.todaytheMonarchrepresentsthecountryinmanyoccasions.e.classexistsandlordsandpeersareobviousevidentoftheimperialpast.2.WhydoestheauthorsaythatitisnotpossibletosumuptheBritishpeoplewithafewsimplephrases?Keypoints:Reasons:1.regionaldifferences---England,Scotland,Wales,NorthernIreland2.racialdifferences3.classdifferences4.culturaldifferences---HighlandvsLowland5.religiousdifferences---protestantsvsCatholics(maininNorthernIreland)3.Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion.Pleaseillustratethispointwiththeexamplesfromthetext.HowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceEnglishculture?Keypoints:WhenWhoWherefromWhichpartconqueredinfluence43AD—AD.5thCLatin-speakingRomanMediterraneancountriesEnglandandWales(notScotlandorIreland)BroughttheMediterraneancivilization,Christian,AD.5thC—1066AnglesandSaxons(theforefathersoftheEnglish;thefoundersofEngland)GermanyEasternandSouthernBritain(notWalesandmostofScotland)mainlyEnglandTheancestoroftheEnglishpeople;KingAlfred’sstoryLateAD.8thC–AD10thC.theferociousVikingsScandinavia(北欧：瑞典、挪威一带。丹麦、芬兰、冰岛等)NorthernandEasternEngland,ScotlandTheprocessofformingaunitedBritain(EnglishKingsunitedmean,sodidtheScottishCrown),1718,theunitedBritaincameintobeingAD11thC(1066)NormanFrench(WilliamtheConquerordefeatedKingHaroldattheBattleofHastings,andbuilttheTowerofLondon)Normandy(northernFrance)Thenextfewhundredyears,joiningvariouspartsoftheBritishIslesunderEnglishrule(England,Wales,Scotland,Ireland)ImportarulingclassBritishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions.BeforethefirstcenturyADBritainwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople:apowerfulcultureoriginatingincentralEurope.Thenin43ADBritainwasinvadedbytheRomanempire,andEnglandandWales(thoughnotScotlandorIreland)becameapartoftheRomanempirefornearly400years.TwomoregroupsofinvadersweretocomeaftertheEnglish:fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,theferociousVikings,threatenedBritain'sshores….4.WhataresomegeneralcharacteristicsofScotland?HowdidScotlandbecomepartoftheunionofGreatBritain?Keypoints:a)TheCeltsoriginallylivedonScotland,theykepttheirowncultureandlanguage—theGealic.b)AroundtheAD6thC,peoplefromNorthernIrelandinvadedtheSouth-west---thelowlandzone.TheywerecalledScotsandgavethemoderncountryofScotlanditsname.c)TheScottishpeoplehaveastrongsenseofnationalityanddesireforculturalindependence.Theyobservedsomeoldcustomsandtradition,liketheHighlandtradition.Today,bagpipe,andtartanareconsideredasthesouveniroftheScottishhistory.d)ThedivisionbetweenhighlandandlowlandScotlandremainsaculturaldividetoday,inmuchthesamewayasnorthandsouthEnglandseethemselvesasdifferentfromeachother.e)Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience.RobertLouisStevenson’sfamousnovelDrJekyllandMrHyde《吉基尔医生与海德先生》showsthat:ScotlandwassuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity.Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.ThusitisnotabigleapfortheScottishtoimaginethemselvesindependentagain.Physically,ScotlandisthemostruggedpartoftheUK,withareasofsparselypopulatedmountainsandlakesinthenorth(TheHighlands),andinthesouth(TheSouthernUplands).Three-quartersofthepopulationlivesinthelowlandzonewhichspansthecountrybetweenthesetwohighlandareas.ThelargestcityisGlasgow,inthewestofthiszone.Scotland'scapitalcityisEdinburgh,ontheeastcoastfortymilesawayfromGlasgow.Itisrenownedforitsbeauty,anddominatedbyitsgreatcastleonahighrockinthecentreofthecity.Bothcitieshaveancientandinternationallyrespecteduniversitiesdatingfromthe15thcentury.UnionwithEnglandin17181.In1603,QueenElizabethIofEnglanddied.Jamesthe6thofScotlandtookthethrone,calledJamestheFirstofEngland;unitingthetwothrones2.Scotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.3.In1718,ScotlandjoinedtheUnionbyagreementoftheEnglishandScottishParliaments4.Scotlandsends72representativestotheLondonParliament.5.DescribecharacteristicsofWalesandWales’unificationwithGreatBritain.Characteristics:1.capita