EugeneONeill分析

EugeneO’Neill(1888-1953)尤金·奥尼尔TheHairyApe《毛猿》PortraitofEugeneO’NeillCoverofTheHairyApeI.Life1.Birthplace:NewYorkCity2.Family:hisfather,anactor3.Education:aCatholicboardingschool,BettsAcademy,Princeton4.WorkingExperiences:Prospector,sailorII.LiteraryAchievements1920:BeyondtheHorizon《天边外》1920:TheEmperorJones《琼斯王》1920:AnnaChristie《安娜·克里斯蒂》1921:TheHairyApe《毛猿》1924:DesireUndertheElms《榆树下的欲望》1925:TheGreatGodBrown《大神布朗》1928:TheStrangeInterlude《奇异的插曲》LiteraryAchievements1931:MourningBecomesElectra《悲悼》1934:DaysWithoutEnd《无穷的岁月》1939:TheIcemanCometh《送冰人来了》1940:LongDay’sJourneyintoNight《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》III.CommentO’NeillwasnodoubtthegreatestAmericandramatistofthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.Hewasthefirstplaywrighttoexploreseriousthemesinthetheaterandtocarryouthiscontinual,vigorous,courageousexperimentswiththeatricalconventions.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedandstagedallovertheworld.ThreePulitzerPrizes(1920,1922,1928)andtheNoblePrizein1936showhisachievementandinfluenceathomeandabroad.commentAsthenation’sfirstimportantplaywrightwithfortyninepublishedplays,hedidagreatdealtoestablishthemodesofthemoderntheatreinthecountry.WithhimAmericandramadevelopedintoaformofliteratureandinhimAmericandramacameofage.CommentAsAmerica’sforemostplaywright,O’NeillsuccessfullyintroducedtheEuropeantheatricaltrendsofrealism,naturalismandexpressionismtotheAmericanstageasdevicestoexpresshiscomprehensiveinterestinlifeandhumanity.Heoftenignorednormalplaydivisionsofscenesandacts,paidlittleattentiontotheexpectedlengthofplays,madehischaracterswearmasks,splitonecharacterbetweentwoactors,reintroducedghosts,chorus,monologue,anddirectaddressestoaudience.commentHeemployedsets,lighting,andsoundstoenhanceemotionratherthantorepresentarealplace.HemadegreatcontributionstoestablishingthemodesofthemodernAmericandrama.Herepresentedthenewtrendonthestagebyintroducingamodernandtimelycontent.Hegroundedhisworksinpersonalexperience.Hisworksreflectthelifeofhiscountryandhistime.CommentHewasabletodothis,notmerelybecausehehadatalentfortheatrebutbecausehewasgoodatusingthemodernthemesandstylesdevelopedabroad,andmakingthemservehisownpurpose.Hewasabletosucceedalsobecausehehadaburstingdesiretoputonstagewhathefeltandknew.commentHissuccessintherealisticandexpressionisticdramahasturnedothersfromthetraditionsofromanticcomedyandmelodramawhichhadforsolongboundtheAmericanstage,andopenedthewayfornewliteraryexperiments.AllhislifeO’Neillremainedindividualandnonpolitical.Hestoodaloftamonghiscontemporaryplaywrights.IV.Expressionism表现主义ageneraltermforamodeofliteraryorvisualartwhichinextremereactionagainstrealismornaturalism,presentsaworldviolentlydistortedunderthepressureofintensepersonalmoods,ideas,andemotions:imageandlanguagethusexpressfeelingandimaginationratherthanrepresentexternalreality.Inliterature,acommonconcernofexpressionismiswiththeeruptionofirrationalandchaoticforcesfrombeneaththesurfaceofamechanizedmodernworld.ExpressionismSomeofitsexplosiveenergiesissuedintoDada,Vorticism,andotheravant-gardemovementsofthe1920s.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,expressionistdramatictechniqueswereadoptedinsomeoftheplaysofEugeneO’NeillandSeanO’Casey,andinthe‘Circe”episodeofJamesJoyce’snovelUlysses(1922);inpoetry,T.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLand(1922)maybeconsideredexpressionistinitsfragmentaryrenderingofpost-warisolation.ExpressionismInafurthersense,thetermissometimesappliedtothebeliefthatliteraryworksareessentiallyexpressionsoftheirauthors’moodsandthoughts;thishasbeenthedominantassumptionaboutliteraturesincetheriseofRomanticism.V.TheHairyApeStoryYank,theprotagonist,isaleadingstokeronatransatlanticliner.Strongandbrutish,hehaswonrespectfromhisfellowmen,thekindof“grudgingrespectoffear.”Completelyadaptedtohisenvironment,Yankissatisfiedwiththelifeheleads,andisproudofhimself.StoryButwhenMildredDouglas,daughteroftheship’sowner,displaysherhorrorandterrorofhimandcallshima“filthybeast”onhervisittothestokehole,Yankfeelsinsulted,anddeniedapositionintheworld.HegoesouttoprovehispositionbyinsultingaristocraticstrollersinNewYorkandisthenputtoprison.Hecannotmakehimselfunderstoodbyhisfellowprisoners,andislaterrejectedbytheI.W.W.(IndustrialWorkersoftheWorld),alabororganization.StoryFrustrated,Yankgoestothezootoseetheapeatnight.Hesetsfreethebeast,offerstoshakehandswithitbutiskilled.Scene1.Thefiremen,sitintheforecastleoftheshipdrinkingandcarryingonwitheachother…Themiserablelife:Theyarechargedwithshovelingcoalintotheengineoftheship.InsultedbyMildred…AngeredbyMildred,hewenttothestreetwithLong…Imprisoned…VisitingthelocalI.W.W…Scene8,Yankattemptstobefriendtheape,withthepurposeofSearchingBelonging.themeModernmanloseshissenseofbelongingundertechnologicalprogress.Humanityisinapredicament（困境）bycreatingaworldhedoesnotbelongto.FeaturesofYank1.Violent2.Strongesteem3.Self-abasedandself-abandoned4.Confusedabouthisidentity5.Self-mockingVI.TopicsforDiscussion1.InterprettheconfrontationbetweenMildredandthemeninthestokehole.WhyisYanksoenragedather?2.WhatdoesYankmeanby“belong”？Where,ortowhat,doeshebelong?3.Wha