加拿大政治篇

TheGovernmentandPoliticsofCanadaThreePartsCanadianPoliticalSystemPoliticalPartiesCanadianPrimeMinistersIntroduction：Canadaisaconstitutionalmonarchywithafederalsystemofparliamentarygovernmentandstrongdemocratictraditions.ItspoliticalsystemunderwhichmodernCanadaoperatesisknownastheWestminstersystem.(威斯敏斯特系统）SinceCanada’spoliticalstructureismodeledafterthoseofBritainandtheUnitedStates,itcanbedescribedasbothafederationliketheUSandaconstitutionalmonarchylikeBritain.文本文本TheCanadiangovernmentconsistsofthreepartsTheLegislatureTheExecutiveTheJudiciaryTheLegislatureTheParliamentofCanada:theHouseofCommonsandtheSenate.●TheHouseofCommons：Eachmemberchosenbyamajorityofeligiblevotersineachofthecountry'sfederalelectoraldistricts,orridings,viaapluralityvotingsystem.Torunforoneofthe308seatsintheHouseofCommons,anindividualmustbeatleast18yearsold,andonaverage,membersoftheHouseofCommonsareelectedforamaximumoffive-yearterm.●TheSenate：Itisagroupof105individualsappointedbythegovernorgeneralontheadviceoftheprimeminister;allthosesummonedtotheSenatebytheviceroymustbeaminimumof30yearsold,andownpropertywithanetworthofatleast$4,000,inadditiontoowninglandworthnolessthan$4,000withintheprovinceheorsheistorepresent.ItsmainfunctionistoacceptorrejectthesuggestionoftheHouseofCommons..TheExecutive●TheGovernorGeneral(总督）holdsthehighestpositionandistheoreticallythesourceofexecutivepower.Inpractice,however,theGovernorGeneralisonlythesymbolicexecutivewhocanactonlyontheadviceoftheCanadianPrimeMinisterandtheCabinet.●ThePrimeMinisterisoftentheleaderofthemajoritypartyinParliament,andselectstheministerswhomakeuptheCabinet,theyexerciseexecutivepowerasthe“Government”,andareresponsibleonlytotheHouseofCommons.总督总理+内阁加拿大是英联邦国家之一，英国女王是名义上的国家领袖，加拿大总督是名义领袖的代表，他由英国女王任命。现在，加拿大总督全是加拿大人。加拿大总督的职责包括：召集或解散议会，主持总理、最高大法官、内阁和枢密院的就职仪式，统帅三军。实际上加拿大总督的权力受到宪法很大的限制，根据加拿大宪法，加拿大总督召集或解散议会必须在总理的提议下进行，其职责的履行必须遵循各有关部长的建议。加拿大第28任总督DavidLoydJohnston，是滑铁卢大学(UniversityofWaterloo)校长、加拿大著名法律专家和知名律师。阿德里安娜·克拉克森(伍冰枝）MichaelleJeanTheJudiciaryThecourtsinCanadaareorganizedinfour-levelstructure.Level1:TheSupremeCourt.●ItservesasthefinalcourtofappealsinCanada.●Ithearsbothcivilandcriminalappealsfromdecisionofthecourtsofappealsinalltheprovincesandterritories.●ItplaysaspecialroleasadvisertothefederalgovernmentonquestionsconcerningtheConstitutionandcontroversialcomplicatedareasofprivateandpubliclaw.Level2:TheFederalCourtofAppealandthevariousprovincialcourtsofappeals.联邦上诉法院和各级上诉法院Level3:TheFederalCourt,TheTaxCourtofCanada,Theprovincialandtheterritorialsuperiorcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction.Level4:Provincialcourts.PoliticalPartiesTheLiberalPartyTheConservati-vePartyTheNewDemocraticPartyTheBlocQuebecois1990年成立。该集团代表魁北克人的利益，主张魁北克独立。领袖：吉利斯·杜塞普（GillesDuceppe）•现执政党。加右翼政党。由加拿大改良保守联盟党和进步保守党于2003年12月合并而成，代表银行保险业、铁路运输业、能源工业垄断资本和大农场主利益。领袖：史蒂芬·哈珀（StephenHarper）。加拿大左翼政党。1961年由“平民合作联盟”与“加拿大劳工大会”联合而成。该党属于社会民主党性质，代表中下劳动阶层利益，主张企业公营，标榜社会主义。领袖：杰克·莱顿（JackLayton）•1873年成立。代表工业垄断资本集团利益并兼顾中、小企业利益。领袖：米哈伊尔·伊格纳季耶夫（MichaelIgnatieff）。2011年5月2日举行的国会下议院选举中，该党首次沦为第三大党。自由党保守党新民主党魁人政团PierreElliottTrudeauwasthe15thPrimeMinisterofCanada.Trudeaubeganhispoliticalcareercampaigningforsocialistideals,butheeventuallyjoinedtheLiberalPartyofCanadawhenheenteredfederalpoliticsinthe1960s.HewasappointedasLesterPearson'sParliamentarySecretary,andlaterbecamehisMinisterofJustice.FromhisbaseinMontreal,TrudeautookcontroloftheLiberalPartyandbecameacharismaticleader,inspiringTrudeaumania.Fromthelate1960suntilthemid-1980s,hedominatedtheCanadianpoliticalsceneandarousedpassionatereactions.Reasonbeforepassionwashispersonalmotto.Heretiredfrompoliticsin1984,andJohnTurnersucceededhimasPrimeMinister.PierreElliottTrudeau皮埃尔·埃利奥特·特鲁多StephenJosephHarper•StephenJosephHarper,PC,MP(bornApril30,1959)isthe22ndandcurrentPrimeMinisterofCanada,andleaderoftheConservativeParty.HarperbecamePrimeMinisterafterhispartywonaminoritygovernmentinthe2006federalelection.HeisthefirstPrimeMinisterfromthenewlyreconstitutedConservativeParty,followingamergeroftheProgressiveConservativeandCanadianAllianceparties.•HarperhasbeentheMemberofParliament(MP)fortheridingofCalgarySouthwestinAlbertasince2002.Earlier,from1993to1997,hewastheMPforCalgaryWest.HewasoneofthefoundingmembersoftheReformParty,butendedhisfirststintasanMPtojoin,andshortlythereafterhead,theNationalCitizensCoalition.In2002,hesucceededStockwellDayasleaderoftheCanadianAlliance(thesuccessortotheReformParty)andreturnedtoParliamentasLeaderoftheOpposition.In2003,hereachedanagreementwithProgressiveConservativeleaderPeterMacKayforthemergeroftheirtwopartiestoformtheConservativePartyofCanada.Hewaselectedastheparty'sfirstnon-interimleaderinMarch2004.•Harper'sConservativePartywonastrongerminorityintheOctober2008federalelection.••斯蒂芬·约瑟夫·哈珀，（生于1959年4月30日）是第22届即现任加拿大总理，保守党领袖。哈珀就任总理后，他的党在2006年联邦大选中赢得了一个少数派政府。他是进步保守党和加拿大联盟党合并后新组建的保守党后的第一任总理。•自2002年以来，哈珀一直是国会议员（MP）成员，在阿尔伯塔省卡尔加里西南任职。。此前，从1993年至1997年，他是卡尔加里西部的MP。他是改革党的创始成员之一，但结束了他的第一次进站前为MP加盟，并在此后不久成为全国公民联盟的领袖。。2002年，他成为加拿大联盟（改革党的接班人）的领导人和议会反对党领袖。2003年，他与进步保守党领袖彼得·麦凯两党合并达成了一项协议，加拿大的保守党形成。他于2004年3月当选为党