中医骨伤科脱位2Dislocation2林江豪LIMCHIANGHOU3/10/20132髋关节脱位HipdislocationDislocationsofthehipencompassaspectrumofinjurieswiththepotentialforlong-termdisabilityandrapidlyprogressivejointdegeneration.Thevascularsupplymayalsobeirreversiblydamagedatthetimeoftheinjury.Theseassociatedinjuriessignificantlydiminishtheprognosisforanormallyfunctioninghipjoint.34Relevantanatomy强大暴力造成。髋臼朝向前外下方。横韧带股骨头圆韧带动脉进入股骨头。5关节盂缘软骨。股骨头的2/3纳入髋臼内。关节囊坚韧,前后均有韧带加强髂股韧带。为支点。67Thehipjointisanextraordinarilystablejoint.Itisaball-and-socketjoint,liketheglenohumeraljoint.前脱位、后脱位及中心性脱位前脱位又可分为耻骨部脱位和闭孔脱位;后脱位又可分为髂骨部脱位和坐骨部脱位。新鲜及陈旧脱位。89Pathogenesis多因车祸、塌方、堕坠等引起。Asthefemoralheaddislocates,thepatientmayalsosustainafracturetothefemoralhead,thefemoralneck,ortheacetabulum,oracombinationofthese.1、后脱位屈髋90°,过度内旋内收股骨干。屈髋90°,膝前方的暴力向后冲击。关节囊后下部撕裂,髂股韧带多保持完整。10112、前脱位髋关节强力外展、外旋时。按位置分:耻骨部脱位,闭孔脱位。3、中心性脱位股骨头可连同髋臼的骨折块一同向盆腔内移位。4、陈旧性脱位脱位超过3周。有时合并股骨干骨折。12Clinicalfeaturesandinvestigation外伤史,痛、肿,功能障碍,畸形并弹性固定。1.后脱位患肢屈曲、内收、内旋及缩短。X线片。检查有无坐骨神经损伤,注意有无同侧股骨干骨折。132.前脱位髋关节呈屈曲、外展、外旋畸形,患肢很少短缩。X线片。3.中心性脱位髋部肿胀、畸形多不明显,但疼痛显著,下肢功能障碍。脱位严重的,患肢可有短缩。X线检查。CT检查。所有脱位可合并髋臼缘骨折或股骨干骨折。16Treatment1.整复方法新鲜脱位,一般以手法闭合复位为主;陈旧性脱位可行切开复位;脱位合并臼缘骨折,一般随脱位的整复,骨折亦随之复位;17⑴后脱位复位手法①屈髋拔伸法:②回旋法:③拔伸足蹬法:④俯卧下垂法:19⑵前脱位复位手法①屈髋拔伸法:②侧牵复位法:③反回旋法:⑶中心性脱位复位手法①拔伸扳拉法②牵引复位法20⑷陈旧性脱位复位手法切忌使用暴力。⑸合并同侧股骨干骨折复位手法在多数情况下,先处理髋关节脱位为宜。2.固定疗法复位后,可采用皮肤牵引或骨牵引固定。213.手术治疗的适应证后脱位合并大块臼缘骨折。中心脱位。考虑有坐骨神经、闭孔神经、股动、静脉受压,手法复位不能解除压迫。陈旧性脱位时间在3~6个月者。闭合复位失败。22Aseven-yearoldboywasbroughtimmediatelytotheAccidentandEmergencydepartmentwithapainfulrightknee,andinabilitytoweightbear,followingatrivialfallfromaskateboardwhilstplaying.Thechildwasotherwisefitandhealthy,withnosignificantpastorfamilyhistory.232425Posteriorfracture-dislocation,hip.Anteroposteriorconventionalradiographofthepelvis(above)showsthatrightfemoralhead(bluearrow)liesmoresuperiorthanthesuperiorrimoftheacetabulum(whitearrow).Thenormalleftfemoralheadappearsslightlylargerthantheposteriorlydislocatedrightbecauseitisfartherfromtheimagingsurfaceandmoremagnified.ThecontrastinthebladderwasinjectedintravenouslyforaCTscan.TheCTscanofthepelvis(below)demonstratesthefemoralhead(redarrow)wellposteriortotheacetabulum.Thereareassociatedfracturesoftheposteriorrimoftheacetabulum(yellowarrow).27膝关节脱位Dislocationoftheknee28Akneedislocationisdefinedascompletedisplacementofthetibiawithrespecttothefemur,withdisruptionof3ormoreofthestabilizingligaments.Thecomponentsofthesofttissueenvelopeoftheknee,includingtheprimarystaticcapsuloligamentousandmeniscalrestraintsandthedynamicsecondarymusculotendinousunits,workinconcerttostabilizethekneeandallowmultidirectionalmotion.29Relevantanatomy比较少见,好发于青壮年。Thekneeisthelargestandarguablythemostcomplexjointinthebody.Itsbonygeometrywithdissimilarsurfacesofferslittleinherentstability.腘动脉、腓总神经30313233343536膝关节伸直时,无侧方及旋转活动,屈曲90°或半屈曲位时,可有轻度侧向及旋转活动。Notsimplyahingejoint,thekneehassixdegreesoffreedom,withflexion-extension,internal-externalrotation,andabduction-adductionranges.37Pathogenesis脱位后侧副韧带、交叉韧带和髌韧带均可损伤,并可能合并骨折、神经血管的损伤。前脱位、后脱位、内侧脱位、外侧脱位和旋转脱位;前脱位最常见,内侧及外旋转脱位较少见。完全脱位和部分脱位。381、前脱位多为膝关节强烈过伸损伤所致。多伴有后关节囊撕裂、交叉韧带断裂。2、后脱位屈膝时暴力作用于胫骨上端,使其向后移位。腘动、静脉损伤占50%左右。3、外侧脱位4、内侧脱位严重者引起腓总神经损伤。5、旋转脱位394041膝关节完全脱位时,常造成前、后十字韧带完全撕裂,一侧副韧带断裂和关节囊后部撕裂。Generally,bothcruciatesandoneorbothcollateralligamentsareinjured.Itisimportanttoevaluatethecompetenceofeachligamentandtoconsiderthepossibilityofakneedislocationinkneeswith3ormoreligamentstorn.42ClinicalfeaturesandinvestigationSincemanyoftheseinjuriesarehigh-energymotorvehiclecollisions,evaluationforlife-threateninginjuriesisthefirstpriority.严重外伤史,伤后膝关节剧痛、肿胀、功能丧失。不全脱位者,脱位后常自行复位而没有畸形。Inthesecondarysurvey,evaluationofthelimbusuallyrevealsanobviousdeformityoftheknee.完全脱位者,患膝明显畸形。合并十字韧带断裂时,抽屉试验阳性。合并内、外侧副韧带断裂时,侧向试验阳性。Thelimbshouldbeexaminedthoroughlyforpulses,capillaryrefill,sensation,andmotorstrength.44Treatment1.整复方法急症手法复位,麻醉下进行。2.固定方法长腿石膏托屈曲固定。3.手术治疗的适应证并发韧带、血管损伤及骨折者。4.药物治疗4546治疗流程图chart47髌骨脱位patellardislocation48Relevantanatomy股四头肌中的股直肌、股中间肌及股外侧肌的作用方向是向外上方,与髌韧带不在一条直线上用力,股内侧肌止于髌骨内上缘,其下部肌纤维呈横位。因此,股内收肌下部纤维的走向及附着点,有效地纠正这一倾向而防止向外滑脱。髌骨在正常伸膝及屈膝时,都位于膝关节的顶点,在屈膝时,并不向内、外侧滑动。由于解剖、生理上的不甚稳定,若出现解剖、生理缺陷时,易引起向外侧脱位;向内侧脱位,只是特殊暴力作用下的结果;当股四头肌腱或髌韧带断裂,可向下或向上脱位。5051Pathogenesis1、外伤性脱位2.习惯性脱位外伤性脱位治疗不当,亦常为习惯性脱位的主要原因。52Clinicalfeatures1、外伤性脱位有外伤史。部分患者就诊时髌骨已复位,髌内上缘之股内侧肌抵止部有明显压痛。详询病史。推髌屈膝恐惧试验。膝部侧、轴位片。2、习惯性脱位膝关节轴位X线摄片可显示股骨外髁低平。5354Treatment1.整复方法伸膝内推法。2.固定方法长腿石膏托屈膝20°~30°固定2~3周;若合并股四头肌扩张部撕裂,则应固定4~6周,固定时应在髌骨外侧加一压力垫。553.手术治疗的适应证外伤性脱位,有严重的股四头肌扩张部或股内侧肌撕裂及股四头肌腱、髌韧带断裂等,均应手术修补。习惯性脱位,则以矫正伸膝装置力线为主,如股内侧肌髌前移植术,胫骨结节髌腱附着部内移及内侧关节囊紧缩术,膝外翻畸形截骨矫正术或股骨外髁垫高术。56跖跗关节脱位tarsometatarsaljointsdislocation57Relevantanatomy跖跗关节是由第1~3跖骨与第1~3楔骨及第4、5跖骨与骰骨组成的关节。除第1、2跖骨外,跖骨之间均有横韧带(骨间韧带)相连。楔跖内侧韧带。跖跗关节是足横弓的重要组成部分。58Bonesoftheankleandfoot(dorsalview),demonstratingtheLisfrancjointandcomplex.Notethekeystonewedgingofthesecondmetatarsalintothecuneiforms.59Pathogenesis多因急剧暴力引起,如高处坠下、前足着地,遭受暴力扭转。5个跖骨可以连同一体向外、上或下方脱位,也可第1跖骨向内侧脱位,余4个跖骨向外侧脱位。