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Unit4ReadingI1.However,accordingtoawidelyacceptedtheory,theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”thatthrewmatterinalldirections.tobeginwith和tostartwith：两个词组都有“以……开始”的意思.1)tobeginwith以……为起点;开始(做)……2)tostartwith以…….开始;从……着手;由……作为开头这两个词组都可以单独使用,表示“首先;第一;起初;最初”.在句中作时间状语.e.g.Tobegin/startwith,Icouldn’tunderstandeveryword.起初,我一句也没弄明白.2.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.1.________________________（使大家吃惊的是）isthathedidn’tcometothemeeting.Whatsurprisedeverybody2.____________（他所做的）addedtoourdifficulty.Whathedid_____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan____wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what_____madetheschoolproudwas_____morethan90%ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.A.What;becauseB.What;that;C.That;whatD.That;becauseAB3.Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhetherthesolidshapewouldlastornot.问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。n.固体solid,liquid,gasadj.固体的；实心的,无空隙的；结实的，坚固的solidfuelssolidfoodasolidspheresolidfurnitureamanofsolidbuild1)Matterhasthreestates:solid,liquidandgas.2)Whenwaterfreezes,itbecomessolidandwecallitice.4.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock.1).（使某物）炸开，爆炸2).（指感情）激发3).（指人口）突然或迅速增加Thefireworkexplodedinhishandandhewashurtseriously.Iwasfrightenedwhensheexplodedintoloudlaughter.Nowitisnoteasytofindjobswiththeexplodingpopulation.explosionn.爆炸（声）explosiveadj.爆炸性的，易爆炸的n.炸药，爆炸物5.Theywereintimetoproducecarbon,nitrogen,watervapourandothergasesintime(forsth/todosth):notlate及时；不迟Shewillbebackintimetopreparedinner.她来得及回来准备晚饭。intime:soonerorlater;eventually迟早；最后I’llseehimintime.总有一天我会遇见他。in/outoftime:in/notinthecorrecttime合/不合节拍Theaudienceclappedintimetothemusic.观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。6.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.随着地球的冷却,地球的表面就开始出现了水。cooladj.凉快；冷静；冷淡v.（使）变冷；冷静下来1)Let’ssitintheshadeandgetcool.2)IknewIhadtokeepcool.3)Hisplayreceivedacoolresponsefromthepublic.4)Therainhascooledtheair.5)Letyoursoupcoolalittlebeforeyoudrinkit.6)Aheatedargumentcanbesettledbetterifbothsidescooldownfirst.7)Itriedtocoolherdownbutshewasstillveryangrywhensheleft.7.Itwasnotimmediatelyobviousthatwaterwastobefundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.水会对于生命的发展起关键作用,这一点在当时并不太明显.本句体现的是名词性从句在句中作主语的作用,虽然是以It开头,可是It只起到形式主语的作用,真正的主语是thatwaterwastobefundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.用It做形式主语是因为that引导的从句较长,如果按照正常语序来安排的话就显得头重脚轻了.如:Itisnowonderthathehaspassedtheexam.8.Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresenceofwaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas.allowvt.允许、许可、容许allow+n./pron./doingallowsb.todobeallowedtodoMyfatherdoesn’tallowsmokingathome.Infacthedoesn’tallowustosmokeanywhereatanytime.父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。Areweallowedtousethecomputer?我们可以用电脑么？beharmfulto对…有害doharmtosb.=dosb.harm伤害某人，对某人有害处1)Pollutionisespeciallyharmfultoanimals.2)Smokingwilldoyoualotofharm.1.TheforeignMinistersaid,“_____ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace.”(2007BJ)A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.Itis2.Ilike____intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.(NMET2008)A.thisB.thatC.itD.oneDC9.Thisproducedachainreaction,whichmadeitpossibleforlifetodevelop.it作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可x不定式，动名词和从句。3.Whydon’tyoubring___tohisattentionthatyouaretoobusytodoit?A.thisB.thatC.whatD.itD4.Why?Ihavenothingtoconfess.____youwantmetosay?A.WhatisitthatB.WhatitisthatC.HowisitthatD.Howitisthat5.Wasitattheschool____wasnamedafterahero______hespenthischildhood?A.which;thatB.where;whereC.that;whereD.which;whereAA10.Theymultipliedandfilledtheoceansandseaswithoxygen.multiply(数目上)增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖1)Ourproblemshavemultipliedsincelastyear.2)2and5multiplytomake10.4)Theplantsheremultiplyrapidly.3)6multipliedby5is30.=Multiply6by5tomake30.11.…whichencouragedthelaterdevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.encourage鼓舞；促进；怂恿。后接名词、代词，也可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：Highpricesforcornandwheatwillencouragefarming.玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。Mysuccessencouragedmetocontinue.我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。Heencouragedmetolearndancing.他鼓励我去学跳舞。development(1)[U]成长,发育；发展(过程)；扩展Thedevelopmentofthisindustrywilltakeseveralyears.这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间。(2)[C]开发区,新社区anewhousingdevelopment新建住宅区(3)[C]进化,进展；新情况,新闻Whatarethelatestdevelopments?Theuseofcomputersinteachingisarecentdevelopment.教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事.12.Others,calledamphibians,wereabletoliveonlandaswellasinthewater.另外一些叫作两栖动物,它们既能在陆地上生活也能在水里生存.aswellas表示“(除….之外)也;既……又”.如:I’mlearningFrenchaswellasEnglish.我学英语之外还学法语.Hegrowsflowersaswellasvegetables.他既种菜也种花.13.Theyproducedyounggenerallybylayingeggs.It’sgenerallybelievedthat…一般认为…generallyspeaking一般而言，概括来说1)It’sgenerallybelievedthatgirlsworkharderthanboysdo.2)Generallyspeaking,womencrymoreeasilythanmen.14.Theyproducedyounggenerallybylayingeggs.它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的.Lie,lie,lay的区别如下:动词原形第三人称单数过去式过去分词现在分词中文释义lieliesliedliedlying撒谎;谎话lielieslaylainlying躺;位于laylayslaidlaidlaying放置;下蛋15.…smallcleveranimals,nowwithhandsandfeet,appearedandspreadallovertheearth.vi.散布,传播，蔓延,伸展，扩展vt.铺开，摊开1)Thenewsspreadthroughtheschoolveryquickly.2)There’sadesertspreadingforhundredsofmiles.3)Hespreadouthisarmstowelcomeus.4)Ispreadanewclothonthetable.16.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosp