倒装句

倒装句在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。这类语序被称为“自然语序”。但有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或由于其它诸如语法结构或修辞上的需要，句子的谓语移到主语的前面，形成倒装语序。倒装可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种形式。全部倒装是将句子的整个谓语动词放在主语之前，部分倒装是将谓语的一部分，如助动词、情态动词或连系动词be等放在主语前面。第一节完全倒装一、here,there,now,then,thus,hence等词位于句首的倒装形式以here,there,now,then,thus,hence等词开头的句子，谓语动词be,stand,lie,come,go,fall,follow等的一般现在时或一般过去时，句子的谓语全部倒装。例如：Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.Therestandsatableinthemiddleoftheroom.Thenfollowed8yearsofAnti-Japanesewar.Nowcomesyourturn.Hereisthebookyouwant.Thusendedthelesson.ThereliesavalleyfastnessknowntodayastheOldCrowBasin.注意：当主语为人称代词时，不用倒装，需用自然语序。Herehecomes.(Herecomestheteacher.)Thereitgoes.(Theregoesthelastbus.)二、ahead,away,down,in,off,out,up等方位副词位于句首的倒装形式ahead,away,down,in,off,out,up等方位副词或bang,click,crack等象声词位于句首时，谓语动词常用go,come,rush,run等表示位置移动的不及物动作动词的一般过去时，句子主谓去全部倒装，目的是为了生动地描写这些动作。例如：Upwenttotherocketintotheair.Inwentthesunanddowncametherain.Followingaroar,outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.Downcamethehammerandoutflewthesparks.Awayflewthebird!注意：如果主语是人称代词，主谓不倒装。Outheran.Awaytheywent.三、表示地点的介词词组位于句首的倒装形式介词短语作状语，特别是表示地点的状语，为了使句子平衡放在句首，主谓全部倒装。例如：Belowthemountainranalittlestream.Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.Beyondthemlaythefieldsofpaddyrice.Inthischapterwillbefoundapartialanswer.Afterthebanquetcameafireworkdisplayinthegarden.Tothelistmaybeaddedthefollowingnames.Atlastcamethehappiestmoment!四、表语位于句首的倒装形式表语位于句首时谓语全部倒装。这样的表语常为形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词或过去分词等。但如果主语是人称代词用正常语序。有时用作谓语动词的现在分词或过去分词也有此种用法。例如：Presentwillbeapersonwhothinksupanideaforanadvertisement,andapersonwhowillbuyspaceinnewspapersortimeonTV.Surroundingtheearthisalayerofairofunkonwnthickness.Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungmen.Sweetwasthaevening.Belowwasarestaurant.Nexttomyschoolisahospital.Suchwouldbeourhomeinthefuture.Standingbesidesthetablewsaninterpreter.AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.五、直接引语的倒装在宾语从句为直接引语的句子里，若全部或部分直接引语位于主句之前，主句主语是名词通常要全部倒装，是代词不倒装。例如：“Whatdoesthewordmean?”askedtheboy.“Whereareyoufrom?”heasked.“Youshouldhavebeenherefiveminutesearlier,”saidtheteacher.“Help!Help!shoutedtheboy.(Theboyshouted,“Help!Help!”)“I’mhungry!”Jimwillsay.第二节部分倒装一、neither,nor或so引导的分句的倒装形式以neither,nor或so引导的分句，用来表示相同的看法主谓部分倒装。neither或nor用于否定句，含义为“也不“；so用于肯定句，含义“也如此”。例如:Ihaven’tbeentoNewYorkbeforeandneitherhasmysister.Shewouldneversing,norwouldshedance.Mysisteroftencallsmeandsodoesmybrother.—Ican’tswim.—NeithercanI.Ifyoudonotgoswimming,neithershallI.注意1）当so开头的句子只是表示对别人的情况加以肯定、确认、表示有同感时，其含义为“确实如此”，主谓不倒装。例如：—Theywillhaveagoodtime.—Sotheywill.—Itwascoldyesterday!—Soitwas!注意2）当前面说的是两件或两件以上的事、用不同的动词或不同的时态，要用句型：soitiswith…(=Itisthesamewith…)含义为“…也是如此“。例如：—Maryisn’twelltodayandshehasn’tfinishedherhomeworkyet.—SoitiswithTom.Katelikessinging,butshecan’tsingwell.SoitiswithMary.AuntLiwasatrainednursefiveyearsago,butnowshe’sadoctorandworksinahospital.SoitiswithWeiHua’smother.二、虚拟语气条件状语从句的倒装在虚拟语气条件状语从句中，如果从句中有should,were或had，可将这些词提到句首省略if。例如：Hadyounothelpedme,Iwouldhavefailed.Wereitfinetomorrow,weshouldgoonapicnic.WereItostaythere,Ishouldnotlethimofflightly.Shouldanyonecall,wakemeup.三、as或though引导的让步状语从句的倒装as引导的让步状语从句要把表语（名词、形容词），状语（副词）或实义动词放在句首，即放在as前面，后面是主语+谓语，不倒装。单数名词放在句首前面不加冠词，形容词最高级放在句首前面不加the。though也可用在这种结构中。例如：Hardas/thoughhestudied,hedidn’tpasstheexam.Childas/thoughsheis,shespeaksEnglishwell.Prettyas/thoughsheis,sheisnotclever.Tryas/thoughhedid,hecouldn’tfinishthetasksuccessfully.Oldest(person)as/thoughheisintheoffice,heismodest.注意：连词that也能构成这种让步状语从句。例如：Coldthatitis,thechildrenplayoutside.Childthathewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.四、“only+状语”放在句首时句子主谓或主句主谓部分倒装例如：Onlythen,asIlookedatthebiggerpicture,didInoticethehugegiltframethatenclosedmygrandmother’sform.Onlyyesterdaydidhefindthathiswalletwasmissing.Onlywhenyoucometoknowhim,willyougetalongwithhim.Onlybyshoutingwasheabletomakehimselfheard.注意：only修饰主语时谓语不倒装。例如：Onlyadoctorcandothatoperation.五.never等具有否定意义的词或短语放在句首作状语时的倒装某些具有否定意义的词或短语放在句首作状语时，句子或主句要用部分倒装结构。常见的这类词有：barely几乎没有nolonger不再notuntil直到才hardly几乎不nor也不nowhere没有地方little几乎没有not不，没有rarely很少neither也不notbefore从前不scarcely几乎不，没有never从不notoften不经常seldom不常，很少含有no等的该类词组有：bynomeans绝不invain没有用innosense没意义nolonger不再innoway绝不onnoaccount绝不innocase绝不onnoconditon绝不innorespect哪方面都不under/innocircumstance绝不常见的这类句型有：barely/hardly/scarcely…when/before一…就（主句谓语动词常用haddone,when/before后常用did）nosooner…than一…就例如：Notuntilhereturnedtotheschooldidheknowthathefailedtheexam.Idon’tlikesinging,nor/neitherdoIlikedancing.Invaindidhetrytoopenthelockeddoor.Barelyhadhearrivedhomewhenhehadtoleaveagain.Innocasewillhegiveuptheexperiment.Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.Notasinglewordcouldhesay.Littledidwethinkthatthedistrictwassorichinmineralresources.Undernocircustancescouldweagreetosuchaprinciple.六、so/suchthat句型结构的倒装当so/suchthat结构中的so或such位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装，that从句用正常语序。如果结构中的谓语动词用be时，则主句要用全部倒装。例如：Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.(Lighttravelssofastthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.)Soloudlydidhespeakthateveryonecouldhearhimclearly.(Hespokesoloudlythateveryonecouldhearhimclearly.)Suchwastheearthquakethatthecitywasdestroyed.(Theearthq