基于组态软件的电梯控制系统模拟

摘要可编程序控制器（PLC）是用量最大的微机化的工业控制设备，现在各工科大学都开设了PLC课程。PLC实验课需要各种硬件制作的被控对象，电梯是常见的典型被控对象。电梯模型的结构复杂，价格昂贵，很难大量配备，同时还具有体积大、容易损坏和维护困难等缺点。用计算机来模拟PLC的被控对象，可以用很低的成本和多样化的程序，来丰富PLC实验课的内容，增强PLC实验课的教学效果。组态软件是用于计算机的控制系统监控软件，组态软件易于生成画面中的图形对象和实现与PLC的通信，是用来模拟PLc被控对象的最佳软件。作者用国产组态软件“组态王”和两种方式对电梯进行了模拟：1.用组态软件实现了对PLC控制的5层电梯的模拟，编写了PLC的控制程序，计算机与PLC通过串行通信交换信息，用PLC来控制“虚拟”电梯。通过组态软件中命令语言编写的程序，使虚拟电梯的轿箱和门执行相应的动作，用画面卜的指示灯和楼层显示器来显示来自PLC的各种状态信息。对组态软件的画面和命令语台编写的程序稍加修改，很容易增加电梯的层数，和实现对双梯、多梯的模拟。这种虚拟电梯也可以用于调试实际的PLC电梯控制程序。2.用组态软件实现了对5层电梯控制系统的纯软件模拟。这种模拟方式不是用PLC的用户程序来实现对虚拟电梯的控制，而是用组态软件的命令语言编写的程序来实现对虚拟电梯的控制，对电梯对象本身的模拟也是用组态软件实现的。这种模拟控制系统可以帮助学生更深入地了解和使用组态软件，在教学中有较大的应用价值。为了使学生对电梯有更强的真实感，研制了两台变频器驱动的电梯模型，用增量式旋转编码器检测电动机的转速，通过变频器内置的PID控制器实现转速闭环控制。电梯模型用PLC控制，具有实际电梯的各种基本功能。论文介绍了电梯模型设计中主要元件的选型、电气接线图和主要部件的结构图。关键词：电梯，模拟，控制，组态软件，PLCABSTRACTProgrammableLogicController(PLC)isthelargestconsumptionofcomputerizedindustrialcontrollingdevice.ThecoursesonPLCarenowofferedinalltechnologicaluniversities.PLCexperimentalclassesneedcontrolledplantsmadeupofhardware;theelevator,forexample,isacommonandtypicalone.Elevatormodel,withcomplexstructureandexpensiveprice,isdifficulttoequiplargely,andhasshortcomings,e.g.greatsize,easytodamageanddifficulttomaintain.SimulatingthecontrolledplantofPLCbyacomputercanenrichthecontentofPLCexperimentalclassandenhancetheteachingeffectwithalowercostanddiversifiedprocess.Configurationsoftwareisacomputermonitoringsoftwareforcontrolsystem,whichiseasytogeneratethegraphicobjectsandcommunicatewithPLC.ItisthebestsoftwaretosimulatethecontrolledplantofPLC.UsingKingView,theconfigurationsoftware,theauthorhassimulatedanelevatorinfollowingtwoways:.Thesimulationoffive-storeyelevatorhasbeenmadewiththeconfigurationsoftware.WiththeomputervirtualcontrollingprogramswrittenforPLC,theexchangeofinformationbetweentheandthePLChasbeenimplementedthroughtheserialcommunication,andthen,theelevatoriscontrolledbythePLC.Theprogramswrittenbycommandlanguagesinconfigurationsoftwaremakethecarandthedoorofthevirtualelevatorcarryoutcorrespondingmoves,showvariousstateinformationforPLCthroughindicatinglampandstoreydisplayontheconfigurationsoftwarescreen.Tomakeafewalterationswiththeconfigurationsoftwarescreenandtheprogramswrittenbycommandlanguagescaneasilyincreasethestoriesandperformthesimulationofdoubleelevatorsormulti-elevators.ThisvirtualelevatorcanalsobeusedfortestingthePLCcontrolprogramsinanactualelevator.2.Thepuresoftwaresimulationoffive-storeyelevatorcontrolsystemhasbeenmadewiththeconfigurationsoftware.Thissimulationusesthecommandlanguagesofconfigurationsoftware,withwhichtheelevatoritselfisalsosimulated,tocontrolthevirtualelevatorratherthanuser'sPLCprograms.Suchsimulationcontrolsystemcanhelpstudentstodeeplyunderstandanduseconfigurationsoftware;ithasgreatapplicationsvalueintheteaching.Toenablestudentstohaveastrongersenseofrealitywithelevator,twoelevatormodelsdrivenbyfrequencyinverteraredeveloped,usingtheincrementalrotaryencodertodetectthespeedofthemotor,andthePIDcontrollerembeddedinthefrequencyinvertertoachieveclosedloopcontrolofspeed.WhentheelevatormodeliscontrolledbyPLC,ithasthebasicfunctionsofactualelevator.Thethesisintroducedthetypechoiceofmaincomponent,thediagramofelectricconnectionandthestructuredrawingofmaincomponent.Keyword:Elevator,Simulation,Control,ConfitionSoftware,PLC目录中文摘要.................................................I英文摘要.................................................II目录.....................................................IV1绪论.....................................................11.1课题的意义...........................................11.2国内外现状综述.......................................11.3用组态软件模拟电梯的基本思路.........................21.4论文的主要工作......................................22电梯基本知识与控制原理..................................42.1电梯基本知识简介....................................42.1.1电梯的分类.......................................42.1.2电梯的土要组成部分..............................52.1.3电梯监控探讨....................................72.2电梯控制功能综述.....................................82.2.1单台电梯功能...................................82.2.2两台及两台以上电梯的控制功能...................92.2.3电梯的正常运行过程.............................92.3一些常用术语......................................103纯软件电梯仿真控制系统的设计...........................123.1组态软件简介.......................................123.1.1组态软件的功能，..............................123.1.2组态软件的特点................................133.1.3组态软件的数据处理过程........................133.2电梯仿真控制系统的设计步骤.........................133.2.1创建工程.....................................133.2.2在数据词典中创建用户定义的变量................153.2.3组态虚拟电梯画面...............................173.2.4用命令语言编写用户程序........................173.3仿真电梯控制系统的程序设计........................183.3.1初始化程序设计................................183.3.2主程序设计................................193.3.3自定义函数命令语言........................213.3.4事件命令语言的设计........................244基于组态软件与PLC的单电梯仿真系统的设计...........284.1虚拟电梯控制系统的硬件结构....................284.1.1可编程序控制器简介........................284.1.2可编程序控制器的工作原理..................294.1.3虚拟电梯系统的硬件结构.....................304.2组态软件与PLC