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..1.Theimportanceoflearningaboutculture1.Understandingforeignculturesisnotonlyimportantforcompaniesthatoperateinmorethanoneglobalareaandmarketinternationally.Itisjustimportantfororganizationsathomethatemployworkersfrommorethanoneculture.2.Understandingcultureisalsoimportantforindividualswhoworkintheglobalworkplace.3.thetwoimportantreasonsforunderstandingculturearetolearnhowothersmakesenseof（搞清.的意思）theirenvironment,andtopreventmistakesandmiscommunications.2.对待差异的态度（RespondingtoDifferentCultures）：1.hostility(敌对)todifference2.Curiosityaboutdifference3.Denyingdifference:Assumptionsofsuperiority(优越);Ethnocertrism(民族中心论);Assumptionsofuniversality4.cooperatingwithdifference3.Minimizeandpreventmistakesacrosscultures:1.Knowledgeaboutone’sownculture,withthis,knowledgeaboutanothercultureiseasiertolearn.2.motivation,thedrivetoknowandtousetheknowledge.3.implementing（贯彻）knowledge,andbehavinginawaythatmakessenseintheotherculture,theoneinwhichyouwanttodobusiness.4.cultureisthecoherent,,sharedviewofagroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcerns,expressedinsymbolsandactivities,thatrankswhatisimportant,furnishes（提供）attitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.5.文化三特征:1Coherent:eachculture,pastorpresent,iscoherentandcompletewithinitself—anentireviewoftheuniverse2.Learned:cultureisnotsomethingwebornwith3.Theviewofagroupofpeople:issharedbyasociety.三功能：1.Rankswhatisimportant:teachesvaluesorpriorities.2.FurnishesAttitudes:attitudesarebasedonbeliefsaswellasonvalues.3Dictateshowtobehave:behaviorcomesdirectlyfromattitudesabouthowsignificantsomethingis–howitisvalued.6.Onstageandbackstage:Onstagecultureisthebehaviorwedisplay,itiseasytochange.(interchangeable)Backstagecultureisnotsovisible,itisdifficulttochange.(theessenceofpeople’sculture)7.Transactionculture:atransactioncultureexistswheninteractantsrespondtoculturalcuesandmodifytheirownbehavior,creating-orco-creating—anew,temporaryculture.(调整行为，适应对方or共同产生新行为)Theamountofadjustedbehaviordependsonseveralfactors:1theirlevelofknowledgeabouttheotherculture2theirwillingnesstoexperimentwithnewbehaviorsandattitudes3theirpreviousexperiencewithsuccessfulinterculturalinteractions.8.Cultureshock:Cultureshockisthesenseofdislocation（转位）andtheproblems-psychologicalandevenphysical-thatresultfromthestressoftryingtomakethehundredsofadjustmentsnecessaryforlivinginaforeignculture.7.Transactionculture四个阶段:1.Experiencinganewcultureisusuallyeuphoria(欣快)2.Downturnasdisillusionment(幻灭)andfrustration(沮丧)arise3.adjustment4.integration(融合)Euphoria:everythingabouttheexcitingnewadventureiswonderful—nolongertwoweeks.Thesecondstageisadownturnasdisillusionmentandfrustrationarise.Itisafeelingofnotbeinginstepwiththemembersoftheculture.Adjustment.---asthesojourner（寄居者）learnsmoreaboutthebackstagecultureandhowtheothercultureworks,heorsheisabletocooperatemoreeffectivelywithmembersofthehostculture.thefourthstage,integration,occurswhenasojournerbecomesfluentenoughintheotherculturetomoveeasilywithinitandnotbethrownbythedifferentattitudes,beliefs,andvalues,andthebehaviorstheygenerate.Reversecultureshock:asimilaradjustmentperiodwithitsaccompanyingsymptomsusuallyoccurswhenasojournerreturns..a9.Self-knowledgeandunderstandingone’sownculture:Havingagoodunderstandingofone’sowncultureisthebestfoundationfordevelopingtheabilitytounderstandthecommunicationbehaviorofpeoplefromothercultures.Toachieveit---Mentalrepresentation:usementalcategoriesthatholdinformationitemsgroupedtogether.10.MentalRepresentation三个心里表征：prejudice（racism，ageism）;bias;discrimination11.Prejudicegeneralizationsthatarebasedonlimitedknowledge,andthatexpressanevaluation-usuallynegative-areprejudices.Biasabiasforsomethingisreallynothingmorethanapreference.AbiasagainstsomethingisanegativeattitudethatranksitlowDiscriminationwhenbiasesorprejudicesareactedon,theactorisshowingdiscrimination.Discriminationistheactofsifting（过滤）outandselectingaccordingtobiastowardsomethingorsomeone,andtreatingthemdifferently.12.Areculturesmergingintooneglobalculture?(文化定义；onstage，backstage)13.Approachestostudyingcultures:1.focusonacultureasawhole(emicstudies一个文化不同层面,eticstudies多种文化的共性)2focusonindividual(individualsmayhaveanynumberofexperiences,personalinsights,personalgoals,interestsandexpectationsthatarepartoftheiridetities.14.EmicstudiesStudiesthatconcentrateononeculturealonearecalledemicstudies.EticstudiesStudiesthatlookforfactorsthatexistinmorethanoneculturearecalledeticstudies.CulturalgeneralizationsStudiesaboutwholeculturegiveusconclusionsthataregeneralizationsabouttheculture.15.CulturaldimensionsCharacteristicsthatcouldbethebasisofcomparisonsfromculturetocultureiscalledculturaldimensions.16.Stereotypes:Stereotypingmeansusingoversimplifiedgeneralizationstounderstandpeople1stereotypesarefixed,firm,inflexiblementalcategories2prototypes（原型）aretheoriginalconceptsormodelsforsomething.3norareallstereotypesbad,somearepositive.17.Self-identity:identityisassthformedinpartbytheselfandinpartbygroupmembership.Self-conceptcanbeformedinthreegeneralways.①SocialPsychology---experience.②Communication---cor