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UnitSevenIntroductiontoLogisticsTextAThedefinitionoflogisticsTheterm“Logistics”originatesfromaGreekword“logos”,whichreferstoreasoning.Theterm“logistics”wasfirstusedinamilitarysenseintheearly19thcentury.Thistermthenencompassedtransportorganization,armyreplenishmentsandmaterialmaintenance.“Logistics”来源于希腊词语中的”logos”，指的是合理的意思，最早于19世纪早期军事术语中使用，随后它的意义得到扩充，包含了交通运输组织、军事补给和物资供应。Inthebusinessworld,theconceptof“logistics”wasappliedsolelyto“MaterialReplenishmentPrograms”(MRP)andwasconfinedtothemanufacturingsectoratthebeginning,whichiscalledthefirstpartylogisticsnowadays.Thereforetheextensionoftheconcepttoinvolvecompanyoperationsisarelativelynewone.在商业世界,”logistics”仅指物料补充计划，并且最开始仅限于制造业，被称为第一方物流，所以”logistics”从概念上加以扩充由此包含了企业运营的意思还是相对较新的概念。Theintroductionofcontainersandthedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhavebroughtabouttheimprovementoflogisticsactivities.Containerizationhashelpedacceleratethetransportationprocess;informationtechnologyhasenabledinformationtobeacteduponinrealtimethusspeedinguptheflowoftransportationanddelivery.集装箱的引进和信息技术的发展带动了物流活动的改善提高，集装箱化促进了交通运输的发展，信息技术使得信息能够实时传播，加快了交通运输和发货的速度。Logisticsstartswiththeprovisionofrawmaterialsandsemi-finishedgoodsforthemanufacturingprocess,andfinishesupwiththephysicaldistributionandaftersalesserviceoftheproducts.物流从原材料的供给开始，随后是半成品的生产过程，最后是（货物）的配送以及产品的售后服务等。Economically,thiscreatesanewsourceofprofitcharacterizedbythedevelopmentofmassdistributionandattentiontoservicequality.Thetwobasisobjectivesinpracticingbusinesslogistics,costreductionandtimesaving,haveenabledcompaniestoprofitnotonlyinperformanceandqualitybutalsoincustomersatisfaction.从经济学意义上讲，（在物流领域）快速发展集中运输、专注于服务质量已经创造出了一项经济收益来源。实现商业化物流的两个基本目标——减少成本和节约时间——不仅使公司从高性能和高质量中获得利润，而且还提高了客户满意率。Therearevariousdefinitionsofdifferenteditions.Thetermwasdefinedasfollow:不同书刊版本对物流的定义不同，其定义有如下几种：Logisticsistheprocurement,maintenance,distribution,andreplacementofpersonnelandmaterial.物流就是采购、供给、配送以及人员物资的更换。Logisticsisthescienceofplanning,organizingandmanagingactivitiesthatprovidesgoodsorservices.物流就是通过科学地规划、组织和管理以提供货物及服务。Logisticsisdefinedasabusiness-planningframeworkforthemanagementofmaterial,service,informationandcapitalflows.Itincludestheincreasinglycomplexinformation,communicationandcontrolsystemsrequiredintoday’sbusinessenvironment.物流被定义为对物料、服务、信息和资金流进行管理的商业计划体系，它包括了当今商业环境中日益复杂的信息、交流和控制系统。Logisticsistheprocessofplanning,implementing,andcontrollingtheefficient,costeffectiveflowandstorageofrawmaterials,in-processinventory,finishedgoodsandrelatedinformationfrompointoforigintopointofconsumptionforthepurposeofmeetingcustomerrequirements.物流是一个过程，它包括了计划，实施，控制效率、成本效益流、原材料的存储、工序内存货、产成品、从产地到消费地的相关信息等以满足客户需求。Fromthesedefinitionslogisticscanbebrieflydescribedlikethis:“Logisticsmeanshavingtherightthing,attherightplace,attherighttime.”Atitsheart,logisticsdealswithsatisfyingthecustomer.从以上定义中可将物流简要的描述为：物流指的是使正确的东西在正确的时间位于正确的地点，其核心是满足消费者的需求。Inamorepracticalsense,logisticsreferstothesystematicmanagementofthevariousactivitiesrequiredtomovebenefitsfromtheirpointofproductiontothecustomer.Butlogisticsencompassesmuchmorethanjustthetransportofgoods.从更切实际意义角度讲，物流指的是对各种活动进行系统的管理，以使（产品本身的）价值从其生产地转移到消费者手中。物流所包含的意思远非货物运输。Theconceptofbenefitsgoesbeyondtheproductorserviceitselftoincludeissuesregardingtiming,quantity,supportingservices,locationandcost.Soabasicdefinitionoflogisticsisthecontinuousprocessofmeetingcustomerneedsbyensuringtheavailabilityoftherightbenefitsattherighttimeandrightplaceforarightpricefortherightcustomer.Theseconceptsapplyequallywelltofor-profitindustriesandnon-profitorganizations.（对消费者而言）“价值”这一概念超越了产品或服务本身，更包括了与时间、数量、配套服务、地点和成本相关的问题。所以，物流的一个基本定义是指不断满足消费者需求，保证（货物）价值在正确的时间、正确的地点以正确的价格到正确的顾客手中。这一概念同时适用于盈利组织与非盈利组织。However,logisticscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentorganization.Someorganizationsaremoreconcernedwithproductionofthebenefits;sotheirmanagementfocusesontheflowofrawmaterialsintotheproductionprocessratherthanondeliveringthefinalgoodstotheuser.Alternatively,someorganizationsaremuchmoreconcernedwiththeflowoffinishedgoodsfromtheendoftheproductionlinetotheultimatecustomer.Finally,someorganizationsviewlogisticsasembracingbothmaterialsmanagementandphysicaldistribution.然而，物流对于不同的组织而言意味着不同的东西。一些组织更关心产品收益，所以他们在管理上更注重原材料流入生产过程，而非将最终产品送到消费者手中。另一种情况是，一些组织更注重最终产品从生产线终点流入最终客户手里。还有一些组织将物流视为物料管理和实体配送的结合。Logistics,inthisregard,integratesmaterialmanagementandphysicaldistributiontasksintoasinglesupplychainthatlinksthecustomerwithallaspectsoftheorganization.Thiscomprehensiveviewoflogisticssometimesreferredtoassupplychainmanagement,canleadtolowercostsand/orbetterservice.在这一点上，物流把物料管理和实体配送结合到同一条供应链上来，而供应链把客户和该组织的其他所有方面联系了起来。物流从更广泛的角度看有时指的是供应链管理，它能够降低成本，提供更好的服务。TextBTheworkoflogisticsLogisticsexiststomoveandpositioninventorytoachievedesiredtime,place,andpossessionbenefitsatthelowesttotalcost.Torealizethemaximumstrategicbenefitoflogistics,thefullrangeoffunctionalworkmustbeintegrated.Decisionsinonefunctionalareawillimpactcostofallothers.Itisthisinterrelationoffunctionsthatchallengesthesuccessfulimplementationofintegratedlogisticalmanagement.Workrelatedtothesefunctio