unit8

1Cross-culturalPerceptionUnit8CultureisaBridge.2CONTENTS1.FrenchLeaveandDutchCourage2.EthnocentrismandEthno-relativism3.GroupworkP27834OldEnglish(450-1100AD)MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)ModernEnglish:earlymodernEnglish1500-1800;latemodernEnglish1800-present)5FrenchLeaveandDutchCourageMostcountriesandpeoplesintheBritishIsles,continentalEuropeandbeyondhaveleftapermanentimprintontheEnglishlanguagetodescribeflora(植物群）,fauna（动物群）,productsorcustomsassociatedwithparticularnations.6Someexamples1.Belgianhare比利时家兔2.Danishpastry丹麦甜糕饼3.Dutchbarn74.Flemishbond法式砌法5.Frenchletter避孕套6.Germanmeasles风疹（又称德国麻疹）7.Greekgifts来者不善8.Italichandwriting斜体字（或字母、数码等）9.Portugueseman-of-war水母10.Russianroulette俄式轮盘811.Irishstew爱尔兰炖肉；土豆洋葱煮肉12.Scotchpine苏格兰松树13.Swedishdrill(治疗性的)瑞典式肌肉体操14.Swissroll（内卷果酱或奶油的）蛋糕15.Turkishdelight土耳其软糖16.Welshrarebit涂着干酪泥的烤面包片91.Greekingischeatingatcardse.g.“thisisGreektome”meansgibberish['dʒibəriʃ]乱语；快速而不清楚的言语2.“HisIrish(orhisDutch)isup”means“he’sangry,he’sintemper”3.“I’maDutchman”means“I’mnotmyself”Therefore,inAmericanEnglish“inDutch”isindisfavor,introuble.WhenAmericanssay“we’vebeenDutched”theymean“we’vebeenhad,we’vebeencheated”.10Theeasy-goingDutchhavecontributedthegreatestnumberofthemostpejorative(轻蔑的）terms.Manytermsreflectthisderision(嘲笑)andcontempt.e.g.(1)drunkasaDutchman(totallyintoxicated)(2)Dutchcourage(courageinducedbydrinking-largequantity)(3)aDutchorwetbargain(thepartnerdrinkingtogether)(4)inarchitectureaDutchmanisadeviceforhidingorcounter-actingstructuraldefects(污点）.(5)aDutchnightingale(夜莺）isafrog.(6)inaDutchconcerteachperformerplaysadifferenttone.(7)inDutchauction,propertyisofferedatahighprice,whichisgraduallylowereduntilsomeonebuysit.(8)aDutchunclewilllectureyouwithkindlyseverity.(9)beattheDutchistodosth.remarkable(10)goDutch,whenyoupayyourownway,youshareexpenses,asinaDutchtreat.DutchderogatorycontributiontoEnglishlanguage11Few“French”wordsareasnegative.DespitethefactthattheFrenchhavebeenouralliesforthepastcentury.(hundredyears’war)e.g.FrenchkissFrenchpox法国花柳病Frenchcuisine[kwi‘zi:n]法国大餐Frenchbean菜豆，四季豆Frenchdressing法式生菜调味酱，法式凉菜调味汁Frenchfries薯条Frenchbread(loaf)法式长条面包Frenchtoast法式土司Frenchwindows落地窗Frenchleaven.不辞而别，悄悄离去；擅离职守12Spanishelm(trees)Spanishbroom(plant)Spanishmackerel(fish)Spanishonion(vegetables)walkSpanish:beforcedtowalkwithsomeoneholdingyourcollarandtheseatofyourtrousers被迫以足尖走路；小心翼翼地走；被解雇Spanish13Italian1.ThechieflegacyoftheItaliansisitalic,theprintingtype2.Italiancloth意大利棉毛呢3.Italiansixth意大利六和弦4.Italianwarehouse意大利杂货店14GermanFoughttheGermansintwowars,littleprejudiceagainstthemisreflectedinthelanguage.WeacknowledgeGermancontributiontoindustry,printing,andmusicYetnoneofthesetermsisineverydaycommonuse.WhyGermanmeasles?Perhapsbecauseofintermarriagebetweentheroyalfamilies.15SwisscontributeSwisscheese,Swisslace(瑞士机绣窗纱),Swissmilk,Swissroll,Swissguards,Swissswords(瑞士刀）Swiss16DanishSuccessfulmarketingliesbehindDanishpastry(a“Danish”intheUSA),Danishblue,theDanishcheese,Danishmodern(现代罗马体）andDanishdesign.17Ahomelycollectionofanimals(Englishfoxhounds英国猎狐犬,Englishsetters英国赛特犬,Englishshepherds英国牧羊犬,Englishspaniels英国史宾格犬),birds(Englishsparrow家麻雀),equestrianterms(Englishsaddle英式(皮座)马鞍),flowers(Englishdais英国雏菊,雏菊),food(Englishmuffin英式松饼),trees(Englishwalnut,Englishyew),literaryterms(EnglishorShakespeareansonnet英国十四行诗),musicalinstrument(Englishhorn),EnglishbreakfastEnglish18Ethnocentrism:isderivedfromtwoGreekwords—ethnos,or“nation”,and“centre”.Itisthetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecentreofeverything,andallothersarescalesandratedwithreferencetoit.Ethnocentrismoccurswhenournationisseenasthecentreoftheworldandthebeliefs,values,normsandpracticeofourownculturearetakenassuperiortothoseofothers.EthnocentrismandEthno-relativism19Ethnocentrismreferstoourtendencytoidentifywithourin-group(ethnicalorracialgroup,culture)andtoevaluateoutgroupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandard.Becauseofethnocentrism,wetendtoviewourownculturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthingsasmorereal,orasthe“right”andnaturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthings.PeoplebornandraisedintheUSaretaughtmanysubtlecuessuggestingtheUSisthecenteroftheworld.e.g.themajorleaguebaseballchampionshipseriesplayedbetweenthewinnersofthetwoleagues.IsitcalledtheUSSeries?No,buttheWorldSeriesWemustrememberthatcitizensoftheothercountriesfromNorth,Central,andSouthAmericaarealso“Americans”.20TheearlyGreekusedtheterm“barbarians”torefertothosepeoplelivingaroundthemwhodidnotspeakGreek.TheancientPersian(波斯人）andEgyptianswereconsideredbytheGreekstobeinferior.TheJapanesewordgaijinmeans“foreigner,apersonwhoisnotJapanese”withcondescending（优越感）overtone.TheChinese,whocalledtheircountrytheMiddleKingdom,wereconvincedthatChinawasthecenteroftheworld.TheBritishdewthePrimeMeridianoflongitude(本初子午线）torunthroughGreenwich,nearLondon.EuropeansdrewmapsoftheworldwithEuropeatthecenter,andnorthAmericanswiththeNewWorldatthecenter.21Thelanguageofoppressione.g.thewords“chicks”and“babes”labeledwomenasinferior.NazislabeledJews“bacilli”（病菌）,“parasites”（寄生虫）,“disease”,“demon”（恶魔）,and“plague”（瘟疫）.22H