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1完形填空填单词Oneofthemanythingswetakeforgrantedinthetwentiethcenturyisthespeedycollectionanddeliveryofletterstoandfromallpartsoftheworldatastonishinglycheaprates.Ahusbandawayonabusinesstripcanwritehometohiswifetwothousandmilesawayknowingthattheletterwillreachherinafewdays.Hisspecialair-lettermaycosthimlessthanaloafOfbreadorhisownbusfaretowork..Thisservice,however,isablessingofcomparativelyrecentestablishmentUntilmoderntimesthecostofsendinglettersprivatelywassogreatthatthearrivalofaletterwasaconsiderableeventAndmightevencostfinancialhardshiptothereceiverWhohadtobearthecharges.Therewere,indeed,fromtheMiddleAgesonwards,specialmessengerswhorunstatecorrespondence,andothermessengersemployedtocarriedwithnewsbetweenthegreatmonasteriesorthegreatmerchantshouses,butforcenturiestherewasnopublicpostservicebywhichprivateletterscouldbesent.Itwasnotuntil1840thattheofficialorganizationknownasthePennyPostwasestablishedinGreatBritainandgaveordinarypeoplecheapandefficientpostaldeliveries.Thepostalservicessincethenhavegivenusmanyobviousadvantages.Buttherehasbeenoneresultwhichmakesussometimesregretthepassingofthebadolddays.Intheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesthearrivalofaletterwasagreatoccasion,andtheletterwriterknewit.Hedidnotlimithimselftobriefinformationabouthisownhealthandaskabouthiscorrespondent’s,buthewouldmentionthethingshehadheardorthethingsthathappenedaround.我们以第二十个世纪的许多事情是理所当然的信件和来自世界各地的惊人的低利率的快速收集和传递。一个丈夫出差回家，他知道这封信将在几天内到达她二千英里以外的地方写回家给他妻子。他特别的信可能会使他损失一个面包或他自己的公共汽车费。然而，这项服务是最近建立的一个祝福。直到现代的私人信件的成本是如此之大，一封信的到来是一个相当大的事件，甚至可能会花费财政困难的接收器谁必须承担的费用。事实上，从中世纪开始，特殊的信使们携带了国家通讯，以及其他的信使，在大修道院或大商人的房子里去，并返回消息，但几个世纪以来，没有公开的邮政服务，可以发送私人信件。直到1840，正式组织被称为“便士邮报”成立于英国，并给了普通百姓廉价和高效的邮政递送。此后的邮政服务给我们许多明显的优势。但有一个结果，这使我们有时会后悔过去的坏旧天。在第十七和第十八世纪，一封信的到来是一个伟大的时刻，写信人知道它。他并没有限制自己的健康和询问他的记者的信息，但他会提到他所听到的事情或发生的事情。2Haveyoueverseenamovieinwhichabuildingwasburneddownorabridgewasdestroyed?Haveyouseenfilmsinwhichatraincrashedorashipsankintotheocean?Ifso,youmayhavewonderedhowthesethingscouldhappenwithoutharmingthepeopleinthefilm.Themanwhoknowstheansweristhe“special-effect”man.Hehasoneofthemostimportantjobsinthefilmindustry.Hemaybeorderedtocreateafloodortomakeabattlefieldexplode.Andhemayalsobeaskedtocreateaspecialeffectwhichismuchlessexciting,thoughjustasimportanttothesuccessofthefilm.Inasceneforonemovietherewasabigglassboxfilledwithwaterinwhichsmallfishwereswimming.Thedirectorofthemoviewantedthefishtostopswimmingsuddenlywhiletheyseemedtostareatanactor.Thenthedirectorwantedthefishtostopstaringandswimaway.Butfishcan'tbeorderedtodoanything.Itwasquiteaproblem.Thespecial-effectmanthoughtaboutthisproblemforalongtime.Thenthereoccuredanideaforcontrollingthefishwithaharmlessuseofelectricity.Firstheusedelectricitytothefishbowl,causingthefishtobecompletelystill.Thenherapidlyreducedtheamountofelectricity,allowingthefishtoswimaway.Thushegotthehumorouseffectthatthedirectorwanted.你有没有看过一部电影，一座建筑物被烧毁或桥被摧毁？你看了一列火车是在哪一列火车还是一艘船沉入海底？如果是这样的话，你可能会想知道，这些事情是怎么发生的，而不会伤害到电影中的人。知道答案的人是“特殊效果”的人。他在电影业中有一个最重要的工作。他可能会下令制造一个洪水或使战场爆炸。他也可能被要求创造一个特别的效果，这是非常令人兴奋的，但同样重要的是电影的成功。在一个场景中有一个大的玻璃盒子里装满了水，小鱼儿在里面游泳。这部电影的导演想让鱼突然停下来，而他们似乎盯着一个演员。导演想让鱼停下来，然后游去。但是鱼不能做任何事。这是相当一个问题。特殊效果的人很长时间思考这个问题。然后发生了一个想法，用于控制的鱼，用无害的电力。首先他用电的鱼碗，导致鱼完全静止。然后他迅速减少了电量，让鱼游了。因此他得到了导演想要的幽默效果。3Fromchildroodtooldage,wealluselanguageasamesaofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirstevolved，theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethisvaluabletool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankind’sfutureattainmentsandculturalgrowthincreased.Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionisavailableforourabilitytoproduceanduselanguage.Theyclaimthatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesuswithaninnatelanguageabilitynotfoundinorganisms.Supportersofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatourpotentialforlanguageisinborn,butthatlanguageinselfdevelopsgradually,asafunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildbood.Thereforetherearecriticalpsychologicaltimesforlanguagedevelopment.Currentreviewsofinnatenesstheoryaremixed;however,evidencesupportingtheexistenceofsomeinnateabilitiesisundeniable.Indeed,moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtinthelowergrades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeingtothem,whileadultshaveamuchhardertimelearninganotherlanguageoncetherulesoftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.AlthoughSomeaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyinavacuum.Childrenwhohavebeenisolatedfromotherbeingsdonotpossesslanguage.Thisdemonstratesthatinteractionwithotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguage.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguageacquisitionthananyinnatecapacities.Thesetheoristsviewlanguageasimitative,learnedbehavior.Inotherwords,childrenlearnlanguagefromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchild’slanguageskillsbypositivelyreinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.从童年到老年，我们都用语言来扩大我们对自己和世界的认识，当人类第一次进化时，他们就像新生的孩子一样，无法使用这个有价值的工具，但一旦语言发展，人类的可能性是什么？未来的成就和文化的增长增加。许多语言学家认为，进化是负责我们的生产和使用语言的能力，他们声称，我们高度进化的大脑为我们提供了一种与生俱来的语言能力，而不是发现在较低的生物