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RhetoricalDevices(修辞手段)语体文体修辞学：（Stylistics）语体部分研究语言在不同的交际领域中所形成的功能分化，如科技语体、公文语体、新闻语体、法律语体、口语语体等；文体部分则研究文学语言与风格，包括个人风格与时代、流派风格。人文修辞学：（Rhetoric）重点研究控制读者或听者反应的技巧，具体包括：语言符号在各种交际活动中的影响力，深化认识和影响感情的手段，劝说的各种论辩技巧，表达内容与表达方式之间的关系等。Parallelism.Youbeginorendaseriesofclausesorsentenceswiththesamewords,inordertoemphasizeasimilarityorparallelismintheideasbeingstated.Withcalmconfidencewebeganthespeechcourse.Withcalmconfidencewedideachexercise,gaveeachspeech,tookeachexam.Withcalmconfidenceweawaitourfinalgrades.Parallelism.Fondlydowehope,ferventlydowepray,thatthismightyscourgeofwarmayspeedilypassaway.Youareright.ButyourpatchisnotbigenoughPeriodicsentence(掉尾句，圆周句).Whenaspeakerwantstoarousemildcuriosityandthensatisfyitwithasenseofnaturalfinishwithinasentence,hecanmaketheclimaxofmeaningandtheendofthesentencecoincide.Toimpartanimpressionofcrispcontrolinspeakingweuseperiodicsentences.Inanycase,avoidtheindefiniteloosesentence,inwhichevenshiftsinthinkingareconnectedby“anduh”—asifthespeakerfearedhislifemustendwiththeendofthesentence.Attheendofthesentence,stop.Thenstartthenextsentence.Periodicsentencesachieveforcefulnessbysuspense.Theessentialelementsinthesentencesarewithhelduntiltheend.YesterdaywhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetImethim.AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.NextcametheCourtofWomen,followedbytheCourtofIsraelites,theCourtofthePriestsand,aboveall,themassivesacrificialaltar.Tothisshouldbeaddedafaithfulcollectionoftherevenue,astrictaccountabilitytotheTreasuryforeverydollarcollected,andthegreatestpracticableretrenchmentinexpenditureineverydepartmentofGovernment.Ellipsis.Ingivingaseriesofdetails,youcanproduceagreatersenseofenergyorurgencybyleavingout“and”orothergrammaticallynormalwords.“Theabandoneddogwasstarved,flea-ridden,scared.”“Hehadaquick,sarcasticmind;amasteroftheput-down.”Theaudienceparticipatedbymentallyfillinginthemissingwords,suchas“hewas”inthemiddleofthelattersentence.Metaphor(暗喻):Oneobjectislikenedtoanotherbyspeakingofitasifitwerethatother.Theworldisastage.Thedevice’subiquitouseye,sensingwherepeopleareatalltimes.“Thesemagicalbeasts”,astheyhavebeencalled,areassistinghassled,oftenincompetentteachers.Metonymy（换喻）:Thenameofonethingisappliedtoanotherthingwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.HaveyoureadmuchShakespeare?TheEnglishsimplyworshipthecrown.ForthewonderandthehorroroftheWebisnotthatittakesyououtintotheworld;onthecontrary,itbringstheworldintoyourhome.Allusion（典故/引喻）:itisacasualmentionoranindirectreferencetosomeperson,fact,idea,event,eitherhistoricalorfictional.Thepurposeistomakeorarouseassociationandvividimagination.ThosesamekidsonlinearejustafewkeystrokesawayfromPandora’sharddrive.Itjustmakesitforbiddenfruit.Themicroelectronicrevolutionpromisestosimplifylifeinwaysundreamedofevenbytheutopians.Parody（模仿）:usingthewords,thought,orstyleofanauthor,butbyaslightchangeadaptingthemtoanewpurposeorridiculouslyinappropriatesubject;theimitationorexaggerationoftraitsofstylesoastomakethemappearludicrous.Britanniaruesthewaves(comesfromawell-knownline,”BritanniaRulestheWaves”,ofthefamousBritishnavysong)BraveNewWeb(fromHuxley’sBraveNewWorld)Synecdoche(提喻/举隅):Apartofsomethingisusedforthewholeorthewholeforthepart.Weneed20handstobuildthepool.Howmanyheadswerecountedatthedance.ThistidalwaveofdownloadingstretchedtheseamsofbothAOLandMSNBC.Onomatopoeia(拟声）:Awordresemblesthesounditdescribesortheuseofwordsthatsuggesttheirmeaningwhenpronounced.E.g.Thebuzzingofthebeeswasamagicsound....theNaziwarmachine,withitsclanking,heel-clicking,dandifiedPrussianofficers,…Simile（明喻）:twounlikethingsarecompared,thecomparisonbeingmakebytheuseoftheintroducinglikeoras.E.g.Childhoodislikeaswiftlypassingdream.Iseethedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.Euphemism（委婉）:itistheconveyingofaharshoranunpleasanttruthgently.E.g.die---passaway;depart;gotoheavenstupidpeople---slowlearnerIrony（反话）:isafigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsayingonethingbutmeaningtheopposite.Beginningtwoormorewordsinaserieswiththesamesoundisanoveltythathasmildinteresteffect.Webeganourtripinacarthatwasarusty,rattlingwreck.Heavyuseofalliterationcallsattentiontoitself,butcan,likeacatchyjingle,helpmakeanideamemorable:Myopponentforofficeisacornered,conniving,con-artist.Alliteration（头韵）.Rhetoricalquestion（反诘）.Thespeakerintheprecedingexamplemighthaveasked,“Doyouwanttoelectacowardlycon-artist?”towhichpresumablythelistenersmentallyanswer,no.Whenaquestionisusedasatransitionaldevice,thespeakerusuallyalsoprovidestheanswer.Intheuseofarhetoricalquestion,however,theaudienceisexpectedtosupply,mentally,thefairlyobviousanswer.thelistenersbecomeactivelyinvolved,andthusmoreinterested,inasortofmentaldialoguewiththespeaker.Bymentallysupplyingtheanticipatedanswerstothespeaker’squestions,audiencesalsomayhelppersuadethemselves.Areyounotmoreeasilyconvincedifyouthinkyouaredecidingtheanswersyourself?4.Antithesis(对照).Thiscanbeusedwhenyouwanttostressthecontrastoroppositionbetweentwoideas.Theclausesorsentencesinwhichtheopposingideasarestatedaresimilartoeachotherinstructure.This