资源环境与城乡规划管理专业乡村旅游和经济发展研究大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：乡村旅游和经济发展研究文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：资源环境与城乡规划管理班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2017.02.14-１-毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：我国乡村旅游开发研究——以浙江临安白沙村为例外文翻译之一Factorsforsuccessinruraltourismtourismdevelopment作者：SuzanneWilson,DanielR.Fesenmaier,JulieFesenmaierandJohnC,VanEs国籍：US出处：JournalofTravelResearch原文正文：Sincethe1970s,economicrestructuringandfarmcrisishavereducedruralcommunities'economicdevelopmentoptions,makingolderdevelopmentstrategieslessviableandforcingmanytolookfornontraditionalwaystosustainthemselves.Oneofthemostpopularnontraditionalruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunitiesbecauseoftourism'sabilitytobringindollarsandtogeneratejobsandsupportretailgrowth.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoidentifyandexaminethose-２-factorsthathavehelpedruralcommunitiessuccessfullydeveloptourismanditsentrepreneurshipopportunities.SeveralfocusgroupswereconductedwithlocalbusinesspersonsandleadersinsixruralIllinoiscommunities.Theresultsclearlydemonstratetheimportanceofthecommunityapproachtotourismdevelopmentandthatruraltourismdevelopmentandentrepreneurshipcannotworkwithouttheparticipationandcollaborationofbusinesspersonsdirectlyandindirectlyinvolvedintourism.Sincethe1970s,economicrestructuringandthefarmcrisishaveseverelyreducedruralcommunities’economicopportunities.Economicrestructuringhascausedalossofruralmanufacturingplantsandmanyjobs.The1980sfarmcrisisintheMidwestalsoledtoadeclineinthenumbersoffarmersandrestructuredfarmownership,forcingsomefarmfamiliestoaugmenttheirincomeswithoff-farmjobs,todepartfarming,ortodeclarebankruptcy.Thefarmcrisisandthelossofmanufacturingjobshadsubstantialrippleeffectsinruralcommunities.Asruraljoblessnessratesroseaboveurbanlevels,realincomegrowthstagnatedinruralareas(SearsandReid1992).Manystoresandagribusinessesdisappearedfromsmallruraltowns.Notsurprisingly,a1992statewidesurveyinIllinoisfoundthat39%ofruralresidentsperceivedtheireconomicprospectsasworsening(Walzer1993).Thesechangeslimitedruralcommunities’economicdevelopmentoptions,makingolderdevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturinglessviableandforcingmanytolookfornontraditionalwaystosustainthemselves.Oneofthemostpopularnontraditionalruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunities(EdgellandHarbaugh1993;Luloffetal.1994).Ruralareas-３-haveaspecialappealtotouristsbecauseofthemystiqueassociatedwithruralareasandtheirdistinctcultural,historic,ethnic,andgeographiccharacteristics(EdgellandHarbaugh1993).Ruraltourismalsoislesscostlyandeasiertoestablishthanotherruraleconomicdevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturing.Ruraltourismcanbedevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturing.Ruraltourismcanbedevelopedlocallywithparticipationfromlocalgovernmentandsmallbusinesses,anditsdevelopmentisnotnecessarilydependentonoutsidefirmsorcompanies.Althoughtourismcanbeexpensivetodevelopincertaincases(e.g.,largeresortareas)orcaninvolvelargefirmsandchains,ruraltourismcanbedevelopedwithrelativelylittleinvestmentcredit,training,andcapital.Hence,ruraltourismcanbelesscostlytodevelopascomparedtoothereconomicdevelopmentstrategies;additionally,ruraltourismneednotinvolvedependencyonoutsidefirmsandtheirdecisionsonwhethertheywanttobeinanarea.Ruraltourismprovidesabaseforthesesmallbusinessesthatmightnototherwisebeinruralcommunitiesbecauseoftheirsmallpopulations.Tourismparticularlyhelpstwotypesofsmallbusinessesinruralareas—thosedirectlyinvolvedintourism(e.g.,attractionsandhotels/motels)andthoseindirectlyinvolvedintourism(e.g.,gasstationsandgrocerystores).Additionally,ruraltourismworkswellwithexistingruralenterprisessuchasfarms(e.g.,U-Pickfarms)andcangenerateimportantsecondaryincomeforfarmhouseholds(Oppermann1996).Nonetheless,ruraltourismremainsoneofthefewviableeconomicoptionsforruralcommunities.Likeothereconomicdevelopmentstrategies,ruraltourismrequiresseveralcomponentstobesuccessful.Tourismdevelopmentinvolves(1)attractions:thenaturalandmanmadefeaturesbothwithinandadjacenttoacommunity;(2)promotion:themarketingofacommunityanditstourismattractionstopotentialtourists;(3)tourisminfrastructure:accessfacilities(roads,airports,-４-trains,andbuses),waterandpowerservices,parking,signs,andrecreationfacilities;(4)services:lodging,restaurants,andthevariousretailbusinessesneededtotakecareoftourists’needs;(5)hospitality:howtouristsaretreatedbybothcommunityresidentsandemployeesintourismbusinessesandattractions(Gunn1988).Leftoutofthislistaretourismentrepreneursandtheirroleinfosteringthesecomponents.Whiletheabovecomponentsandacommunity’sassetsareclearlyimportanttotourismdevelopment,onlythewidespreadparticipationandcontributionofruraltourismentrepreneurscanensureabroad-basedfoundationforsuccessfultourismdevelopment.Aresearchliteraturehasemergedonhowtobestfacilitatethedevelopmentoftourism.Oneview,drawingheavilyontheeconomicliterature,arguesthattourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunitiesarebestdevelopedbyhelpingandcreatingindividualsbusinessesandthenlettingthemcom