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CriticalThinkingByGroup2何映桦20151202721蒋佳丽20151202724赖小丹20151202741李昉20151202735李惠妍201512027192015.10.27CONTENTSBackgroundImformationAchievementPicturesCriticalThinkingBackgroundImformationRichardPaul:Dr.RichardPaulisDirectorofResearchandProfessionalDevelopmentattheCenterforCriticalThinkingandtheChairoftheNationalCouncilforExcellenceinCriticalThinking.Hehasauthoredsixbooksandmorethan200articlesoncriticalthinking.Inover35yearsofteachingexperience,hehaswonnumerousawardsandhonors,includingDistinguishedPerryLecturerfortheyear2000.AchievementDr.PaulhasreceivedfourdegreesandhasgivenlecturesoncriticalthinkingatmanyuniversitiesinboththeUnitedStatesandabroad,includingHarvard,theUniversityofChicago,theUniversityofIllinois,andtheuniversitiesofPuertoRico,CostaRica,BritishColumbia,Toronto,andAmsterdam.Hetaughtbeginningandadvancedcoursesincriticalthinkingattheuniversitylevelforover20years.ThepictureswhenhewasspeechingPaulbelievesthatthinkingexistsinallthinkingactivities,thequalityofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtopeople'slifequality.However,peoplearebornwithatendencytoself-centered,sotheultimategoalofcriticalthinkingistoanalyzeandevaluatethethinkingandultimatelyimprove.Becauseofthis,educationplaysanimportantroleinPaul'stheorysystem.CriticalthinkingMakingfulluseofhisresearch,Hewroteabooknamed“CriticalThinking”.HeandLindaEldershowushowtotakethinkingapartandassessitforquality.We'lllearnhowtoimproveallthreecomponentsofthinking—analysis,evaluation,andre-thinking.Then,throughbrains-onexercises,we'lldiscoverandhonenewthinkingskillsthat'llsoonbecomesecondnature.MainIdeabySabrinaDefinationofcriticalthinking01thehistory02someobstaclesofcriticalthinking03howtolearncriticalthinking0405appealtothinkcritically06conclusionDefination1-61、asystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem2、thinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter(analyze、assessandtransform3、thinkingmoresystematicallyandcomprehensivelyHistory71906WilliamGrahamSumnerCriticalSocietyObstacle8-101、criticalthought2、fear3、ordinaryroutine→bureaucracy4、humanhabits5、studentresistancetocriticalthinkingHow11-141、thinkoftheelementsofthought2、standardstoassessthinking(clarity、accuracy、preasion、relevance、depth、breadth、logicandfairnessSignificance/Appeal15-161、quoteanexample2、inordertochangethinkinginkeepingwiththechangesoftheworldConclusion17Theconclusionistomakeyourthinkingcontrolyourthinking、behaviorandbeliefCriticalThinkingvocabulary1.dysfunctional:adj.Para3Line4notworkingnormallyorproperly功能障碍的，功能异常的dys-：pref.不良；坏2.conceive:v.Para4Line3(1)~(of)sth.(assth.)(formal)toformanidea,aplan,etcinyourmind;toimaginesth.想出（主意，计划等）；想象；构想；设想(2)Whenawomanconceiveorconceivesachild,shebecomespregnant.怀孕，怀胎►adj.:conceivableadv.:conceivablyn.:conceiverconceivability3.bound:adj.&v.&n.Para5Line2adj.(1)~tobe/dosth.certainorlikelytohappenortodoorbesth.一定会，很可能会(2)~(bysth.)/~(bysth.)(todosth.)forcedtodosth.bylaw,dutyoraparticularsituation受（法律，义务或情况）约束必须（做某事）；有义务（做某事）(3)preventedfromgoingsomewhereoffromworkingnormallybytheconditionsmentioned因......受阻（或不能正常工作）(4)~(formal)travelling,orreadytotraval,inaparticulardirectionortoaparticularplace正旅行去（某地）；准备前往（某地）4.reverse：v.&n.&adj.Para6Line1v.(1)tochangesth.completelysothatitistheoppositeofwhatitwasbefore颠倒；彻底转换；使完全相反(2)tochangeapreviousdecision,law,etc.totheoppositeone撤销，废除（决定、法律）(3)toturnsth.theoppositewayaroundorchangetheorderofsth.around使反转，使次序颠倒(4)toexchangethepositionorfunctionoftwothings交换（位置或功能）(5)~yourselfonsth.toadmityouwerewrongortostophavingaparticularpositioninanargument承认错误；放弃立场(6)whenavehicleoritsdriverreversesorthedriverreversesavehicle,thevehiclegoesbackwards倒车，（使）倒退行驶(7)~(the)changestomakeatelephonecallthatwillbepaidforbythepersonyouarecalling,notbyyou打对方付费的电话►Reversingtheprocesssothatwe'reinthedriver'sseat--sothatwe'redoingthethinkingweneedtodoaswellaswecan--iswhatcriticalthinkingisabout.n.相反情况；背面，反面；倒档；损失，失败phrases:inreverse相反go/putsth.intoreverse（使）出现逆转，转化为对立面adj.相反的，反向的5.emerge:v.Para7Line6(1)~(fromsth.)tocomeoutofadark,confinedorhiddenplace出现，浮现，露出(2)(offacts,ideas,ect.)tobecomeknown（事实，意见等）暴露，被知晓(3)~(assth.)tostarttoexist;toappearorbecomeknown露头，显现，显露(4)~(fromsth.)tosurviveadifficultsituationorexperience（从困境或苦难经历中）幸存下来，摆脱出来►n.emergence露出；出现6.undermine:v.Para9Line1(1)tomakesth,especiallysb'sconfidenceorauthority,graduallyweakenorlesseffective逐渐削弱（信心，权威等）；使逐步减少效力(2)tomakesth.weakeratthebase,forexamplebydiggingunderit从根基处破坏；挖......的墙脚7.bureaucracy:n.Para9Line9(oftendisapproving)anofficialworkinginanorganizationoragovernment,especiallyonewhofollowstherulesofthedepartmenttoostrictly官僚主义者►bureaucracy:n.(pl.-ies)官僚主义（作风）；官僚主义体制；实行官僚体制的国家bureaucratic:adj.官僚的，官僚主义的bureaucratically：adv.8.activate:v.Para10Line4tomakesth.suchasadeviceorchemicalprocessstartworking使活动；激活；使活化►activationn.[U]9.transcend:/træn'send/Para5Line4v.(formal)tobeorgobeyondtheusuallimits;extremelygreat卓越的；杰出的；极其伟大的10.notion:n.Para10Line3观念，信念，理解11.petty:adj.Para9Line2小的，次要的；小气的，狭隘的12.confines:n.[pl.](formal)Para8Line6范围，界限，边界13.framework:n.Para4Line8（建筑物或物体的）构架，框架，结构；（作为判断、决定等基础的）信仰，观点