Adaptability-顺应论

Frame-workFormationoftheadaptabilitytheory1Threekeynotionsforsuchatheory2Fourresearchperspectives3Bibliography4Formationoftheadaptabilitytheory•TheadaptabilitytheorywasfirstlyproposedbyJefVerschueren,afamousBelgianlinguistandsecretarygeneralofIPrA(InternationalPragmaticsAssociation),inhisbookUnderstandingPragmaticsin1999.•Thenotionofadaptationoradaptabilityinevitablytriggersassociationswithevolutionarytheory.Ononehand,itdisusseshowweadapttolanguage(or,inotherwords,howhumansdevelopedapredispositionforlanguage);ontheotherhand,itaimstoexplainhowlanguageadaptstous,oncewehavealinguisticrepertoiretochoosefrom.Thefirstquestionisonewherelanguageisconsideredtheproductoflargelycausalbiologicalprocesses,whilethesecondfocusesonreasonsspeakersmayhaveinselectingthisortheotherformofexpressioninlanguageuse.•Theadaptabilitytheoryofpragmaticsstartedfromtheobservationofchoice-makingasthebasicactivityinvolvedinusinglanguage,wherethemakingoflinguisticchoicesmustbeseenasaprocessinvolvingallpossiblelevelsoflinguisticstructure,takingplacewithvaryingdegreesofconsciousawareness,inboththeproductionandtheinterpretationofutterances.•Verscherengeneralizedtheadaptabilitytheoryfromseveralaspects:①makingchoice;②variability,negotiabilityandadaptability;③fourresearchperspectives.Threekeynotionsforsuchatheory•Verschueren(1999)proposesthreekeynotionsfortheadaptabilitytheory:Variability:thepropertyoflanguagewhichdefinestherangeofpossibilitiesfromwhichchoicesaretobemade.thisrangeisnotstablebut,astheproductofadaptationinthemorebiologicalsense,constantlysubjecttochange.Negotiability:thepropertyoflanguageresponsibleforthefactthat,inspiteofconventionsanddefaultoptions(asdescribed,e.g.byLevinson2000),choicesarenotmademechanicallyoraccordingtostrictrulesorfixedform-functionrelationships,butratheronthebasisofhighlyflexibleprinciplesandstrategiesthatarebothrationalandreflexive.•Adaptability:languageuseaschoice-makingfromsuchavariablerangeofoptionsinsuchanegotiablemannerwouldnotbeunderstandablewithoutpositingadaptability,asthepropertyoflanguagethatmakesallthispossibleinsuchawayastomeet——toasatisfactorydegree——humancommunicativeneeds.Fourresearchperspectives•First,Contextualcorrelatesofadaptabilityhavetobeidentified.thesepotentiallyincludealltheingredientsofthecommunicativecontextwithwhichlinguisticchoiceshavetobeinteradaptable.therangegoesfromaspectsofthephysicalsurroundings(e.g.distanceasaninfluenceonloudnessofvoice)tosocialrelationshipsbetweenspeakersandhearersandaspectsoftheinterlocutors'stateofmind.•Second,theprocessesinquestionhavetobesituatedwithreferencetothedifferentstructuralobjectsofadaptability.sincethemakinregofcommunicativechoicestakesplaceatallpossiblelevelsoflinguisticstructurethatinvolvevariabilityofanykind,pragmaticphenomenacanberelatedtoanylayerorlevelofstructure,fromsoundfeatureandphonemetodiscourseandbeyond,ortoanytypeofinterlevelrelationship.notonly'structures'areinvolved,butalsoprinciplesof'structuring'.•Third,anypragmaticdescriptionorexplanationmustaccountforthedynamicsofadaptabilityasmanifestedinthepnenomenonunderinvestigation,inotherwordsthedevelopmentofadaptationprocessesovertime.byitsverynature,thistaskcannotbeperformedwithoutlendingfullforcetothenegotiabilityofchoices.itinvolvesanaccountoftheactualfunctioningofdaptationprocesses.thatis,questionshavetobeansweredaboutthewaysinwhichcommunicationprinciplesandstrategiesareusedinthemakingandnegotiatingofchoicesofproductionandinterpretation.•Fourth,wehavetotakeintoconsiderationdifferencesinthesalienceoftheadaptationprocesses.notallchoices,whetherinproductionorinterpretation,aremadeequallyconsciouslyorpurposefully.assaidbefore,somearevirtuallyautomatic,othersarehighlymotivated.theyinvolvedifferentwaysofprocessinginthemediumofadaptability,thehuman'mindinsociety'.withreferencetothisissue,thedistinctionbetweenexplicitlycommunicatedmeaningandimplicitinformationtakesonspecialrelevance.salienceisbasicallyafunctionoftheoperationofthereflexive(or,aswecallit,'metapragmatic')awarenessinvolvedinlanguageuse.Bibliography•语用学新解，JefVerschueren.[M]外语教学与研究出版社•语用学的核心概念，JefVerschueren.[M]上海外语教育出版社•语用学引论，JacobL.Mey.[M]外语教学与研究出版社•语用学多学科视角，LouiseCummings.[M].北京大学出版社被误解的-顺应-——语言顺应论之深度-误读-反思.pdf顺应论在中国的研究综述.pdf何为视角——语言顺应论之视角观解读.pdf维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观.pdf