颅内血管支架术南京大学神经病学研究所南京军区南京总医院神经内科殷勤IntracranialAtheroscleroticDisease颅内动脉狭窄性疾病(ICAD)美国每年有6万人罹患ICAD1亚洲人种发病率更高,在一些地区ICAD发病率高达56%21SaccoRL,KargmanDE,GuQ,ZamanilloMC:Race-ethnicityanddeterminantsofintracranialatheroscleroticcerebralinfarction.TheNorthernManhattanStrokeStudy.Stroke1995,26(1):14-20;WitykRJ,LehmanD,KlagM,etal.:Raceandsexdifferencesinthedistributionofcerebralatherosclerosis.Stroke1996,27(11):1974–1980.2LeeSJ,ChoSJ,MoonHS,etal.:CombinedextracranialandintracranialatherosclerosisinKoreanpatients.ArchNeurol2003,60(11):1561-–564.脑动脉组织特点正常脑动脉更薄.缺少弹力层中膜和平滑肌层更薄MediaAdventitiaIntimaNoEELImage:BostonScientificCorporationICAD常见发病部位常见部位:•大脑中动脉主干•颈动脉虹吸部•基底动脉中段•椎基底动脉连接处•椎动脉远端©2003AmericanHeartAssociationImagefromBostonScientificNeurovascular-ownedtrainingmaterial,1999.ICAD治疗方案药物抗血小板聚集:阿司匹林,氯吡格雷(波立维)抗凝药:华法令(WASID)控制其他危险因素的药物外科手术颅内外动脉搭桥手术(颅内颅外搭桥术没有证明能减少颈内和MCA狭窄所致卒中)1血管内治疗(多为单中心数据)球囊血管成形术支架术1:Note:Acutemajorstroke=periodfromrandomizationto30daysaftertheactualsurgerywascompleted.FailureofExtracranial-IntracranialArterialBypasstoReducetheRiskofIschemicStroke:ResultsofanInternationalRandomizedTrial.NEnglJMed1985;313:1191–12006IntracranialAtheroscleroticDisease(ICAD)目前治疗方案ICAD药物治疗临床研究:WASIDWarfarin-AspirinSymptomaticIntracranialDiseaseTrial(WASID)华法令-阿司匹林治疗症状性颅内动脉狭窄性疾病临床研究由美国卫生机构资助,随机,569名患者入选。主要目标:比较华法令与阿司匹林治疗症状性颅内狭窄入选标准:TIA或90天内发生非致残性卒中,随机,50-99%动脉狭窄,MRS≤3,≥40岁主要终点:缺血性卒中,脑出血,非卒中性血管原因所致死亡次要终点:确定相关区域症状性狭窄所致缺血性卒中的高危患者,确认其入选随后的颅内血管成形术和支架术的临床研究ComparisonofWarfarinandAspirinforSymptomaticIntracranialArterialStenosis;NENGLJMed352;13,March31,2005.PresentedFebruary4,2005,AmericanStrokeAssociation,NewOrleansWASID主要终点—主要发现卒中发生率二者无明显差异华法令所致出血和死亡发生率更高ComparisonofWarfarinandAspirinforSymptomaticIntracranialArterialStenosis;NENGLJMed352;13,March31,2005.10%8%4%死亡3%大出血11%12%相关区域症状性狭窄所致缺血性卒中at1year17%15%卒中和血管性死亡at1yearWarfarinN=289AspirinN=280ICAD药物治疗临床研究:WASID次要终点临床决策分析:多变量分析入选时与狭窄区域相关发生卒中的危险因素,(临床评估)*Timefromqualifyingeventmedian=17days(max=90days),earlyenrollmentassociatedwithgreaterrisk,notconfoundedbygenderorpercentstenosis.**WomenhavelowerriskofstrokeduetocarotiddiseaseandlessbenefitofCEA.Possibleexplanations:differentialarterialanatomy,arterialsize,bodysizeandmorphology,andhormonalfactors,possiblefalsepositiveassociation(TypeIerror).Requiresfurtherstudy.PresentedFebruary4,2005,AmericanStrokeAssociation,NewOrleans因素危险率(相对风险)置信区间狭窄70–99%2.441.54–3.86发病到入选≤17天*1.721.08–2.75女性**1.621.03–2.56ICAD药物治疗临床研究:WASIDICAD药物治疗临床研究:WASID结论1.华法令并不比阿司匹林提供更好的疗效2.华法令不良事件发生率更高3.狭窄程度和发病到入选时间长短增加患者卒中的风险PresentedFebruary4,2005,AmericanStrokeAssociation,NewOrleans外科治疗:颅内/颅外动脉搭桥NEnglJMed1985;313:1191–1200新英格兰杂志颅内/颅外动脉搭桥随机比较药物治疗与搭桥手术疗效患者人群:近期TIA,半球卒中或伴发同侧颈内或MCA狭窄或闭塞的视网膜梗死主要终点:致死或非致死性卒中FailureofExtracranial-IntracranialArterialBypasstoReducetheRiskofIschemicStroke:ResultsofanInternationalRandomizedTrial.NEnglJMed1985;313:1191–1200.结果主要发现:颅内颅外搭桥术没有证明能减少颈内和MCA狭窄所致卒中Note:Acutemajorstroke=periodfromrandomizationto30daysaftertheactualsurgerywascompleted.FailureofExtracranial-IntracranialArterialBypasstoReducetheRiskofIschemicStroke:ResultsofanInternationalRandomizedTrial.NEnglJMed1985;313:1191–1200.结果药物(n=714)手术(n=663)急性大中风1.3%4.5%1年中风发生率12.5%1年中风和死亡发生率14%20%外科治疗:颅内/颅外动脉搭桥19%血管内治疗多为单中心数据患者特征,研究终点和病变部位不一致结果混杂球囊成形术和支架术球扩支架术SSYLVIA,唯一多中心使用球扩支架临床研究StentingofSymptomaticAtheroscleroticLesionsintheVertebralofIntracranialArteriesCurrentEndovascularTherapies:Guidant’sSSYLVIAStudy使用GuidantNeurolinkBEStent(国内未上市)前瞻,非随机,多中心,国际安全性和可行性研究入选标准19-80岁因颅外椎动脉或颅内动脉狭窄大于等于50%(血管造影诊断)所致TIA或中风患者mRS≤3并可服用2种抗血小板聚集药物至少卒中发生后7天,TIA后超过24小时方能入选主要医学中心及临床评估委员会监督43例颅内(20前循环/23后循环)18例颅外Source:GuidantSSYLVIAstudyresults,Stroke.2004;25:1388-1392.支架成功功能充分,狭窄小于50%操作成功率支架成功释放且出院前未发生卒中或死亡*Proceduralmeansthattheeventoccurredatthetimeoftheprocedureorwithinthesamehospitalizationbutnotinexcessof30dayswithinthesamehospitalization.Source:GuidantSSYLVIAstudyresults,Stroke.2004;25:1388-1392.GuidantSSYLVIAtrial.SummaryofSafetyandProbableBenefit(HDE,August2002)CurrentEndovascularTherapies:Guidant’sSSYLVIAStudySSYLVIA术中和术后30天结果(n=61)6.6%(4/61)3.3%(2/61)1.6%(1/61)1.6%(1/61)1.6%(1/61)1.6%(1/61)1.6%(1/61)不良事件卒中夹层颈动脉瘘局部麻痹支架急性闭塞心动过缓眼底瘀斑88.5%(54/61)操作成功率95.1%(58/61)支架成功率6.6%(4/61)30天死亡或中风SSYLVIA半年和一年的结果*6-monthandone-yeardata**One-yeardataonlySource:GuidantSSYLVIAstudyresults,Stroke.2004;25:1388–1392.GuidantSSYLVIAtrial.SummaryofSafetyandProbableBenefit(HDE,August2002)11.5%(7/61)同侧中风(颅外和颅内)**一年13%(8/61)所有卒中和死亡(颅外和颅内)*半年所有卒中和死亡(颅内)*半年14%(6/43)CurrentEndovascularTherapies:Guidant’sSSYLVIAStudySSYLVIA血管造影结果-颅内Source:GuidantSSYLVIAstudyresults,Stroke.2004;25:1388–1392.GuidantSSYLVIAtrial.SummaryofSafetyandProbableBenefit(HDE,August2002)半年(n=37)术后(n=42)术前(n=42)Measure2.6%95%50%狭窄43.419.771.1%狭窄均值32%CurrentEndovascularTherapies:Guidant’sSSYLVIAStudySSYLVIA半年再狭窄率(50%狭窄)GuidantSSYLVIAtrial.SummaryofSafetyandProbableBenefit(HDE,August2002)32%(12/37)50%狭窄颅内症状性再狭窄颅内和颅外35%(18/51)50%狭窄颅内和颅外13.7%(7/51)CurrentEndovascularTherapies:Guidant’sSSYLVIAStudy