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StylisticFeaturesoftheEnglishofScienceandTechnologyEST•TheEnglishofscienceandtechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.•ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.But,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.•Ofallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST),andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST).Comparethefollowingtwopassagesaboutman•Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties!Informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!Inaction,howlikeanangel!Inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagonofanimals!•Manismetazoan,triploblastic,vertebratepentadactyl,mammalian,eutherian,primate...Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.Differenceinstyle•Graphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).Differenceinstyle•Lexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchasnoble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutherian,primate,etc.Differenceinstyle•Syntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentencesaswellastwoshortsentencefragmentsinordertoexpressfeelings;whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentenceswiththepurposeofgivinginformation.Differenceinstyle•Semantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.Whileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Hencetheinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.1.RequirementsofEST•1.Objectivity(客观性)•2.Clarity(明确性)•3.Accuracy(准确性)•4.Formality(正式)2.GraphologicalFeatures•1.Generallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.First,scientiststendtousevisualaidsmorethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.2.GraphologicalFeatures•2.Asfaraspunctuationisconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop,thecomma,andtheparentheses.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.2.GraphologicalFeatures•AsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.•Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.•Parentheses(圆括号）areusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.3.LexicalFeatures•ESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:•a)commonwordswithspecificmeaning;•b)highlytechnicalwords(纯技术词）;•c)semi-technicalwords;（半技术词）•d)nouncompounds;•e)nominalization；•f)newlycoinedwords.（新词）3.LexicalFeatures•commonwordswithspecificmeaning•Eg:(a)Thereflectedlightwastakeninbythetransducer.(b)Thereflectedlightwasabsorbedbythetransducer.3.LexicalFeaturesHighlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewordslikemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.eg.stratosphere(同温层),seismology(地震学)polysomic(多倍体的),leukocyte(白细胞),sequoia(红杉)…Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.3.LexicalFeaturesSemi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchascatfamily,forcearm,solidmatter,horsepower,salinesolution,etc.3.LexicalFeatures•nouncompounds:n+n,adj+n,prep+n•Propernouns(专有名词）：ampere安培;volt伏特，Dopplereffect多普勒效应•Abbreviations：CAD----computer-aideddesign计算机辅助设计CPU----centralprocessingunit(计算机)中央处理器PVC----polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯•Acronyms：AIDS----AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrom艾滋病(获得性免疫缺损综合症)COMSAT----communication+satellite通讯卫星•Blends:smog=smoke+fog烟雾ecosys=ecology+system生态系统modem=modulator+demodulator调制解调器transistor=transfer+resistor晶体管3.LexicalFeaturesNominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbsoradjectives.Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart,thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST.e.g..3.LexicalFeatures•eg.Thedoctorarrivedextremelyquicklyandexaminedthepatientuncommonlycarefully;theresultwasthatherecoveredveryspeedily.cf.Thedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.(医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。)Translation•Archimedsfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.•Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.•Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.•Thedep