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GZH：Bluce学英语整理上海外国语大学2012年翻译硕士MTIk考研真题I.PhraseTranslation1.Austeritymeasures:财政紧缩措施2.UNESCO:联合国教科文组织(UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization)3.TheUSSenate:(美国)参议院4.APEC:亚太经济合作组织亚太经合组织(Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation)5.WashingtonPost:(美国)《华盛顿邮报》6.NATO:北大西洋公约组织(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)7.ArabSpring:阿拉伯之春8.GaryLocke:骆家辉(原美国驻华大使)9.Reuters：(英国)路透社10.WallStreetJournal：(美国)《华尔街日报》II.中文词汇翻译成英文十二五规划：TwelfthFive-YearPlan十七届六中全会：theSixthPlenarySessionoftheseventeenthCentralCommittee全国人大：NPC(NationalPeople’sCongress)新华社：theXinhuaNewsAgency软实力：SoftPower中美战略经济对话：China-USStrategicandEconomicDialogue上海合作组织：SCO(ShanghaiCooperationOrganization)GZH：Bluce学英语整理珠江三角州：PearlRiverDelta西气东输：projectofnaturalgastransmissionfromWesttoEastChina;West–EastGasPipeline北京共识:BeijingConsensusII.PassagetranslationSectionAEnglishtoChineseReformingeducation-ThegreatschoolsrevolutionEducationremainsthetrickiestpartofattemptstoreformthepublicsector.Butasevermorecountriesembarkonit,somevitallessonsarebeginningtobelearnedSep17th2011|DRESDEN,NEWYORKANDWROCLAW|fromtheprinteditionFROMTorontotoWroclaw,LondontoRome,pupilsandteachershavebeenreturningtotheclassroomaftertheirsummerbreak.ButthisSeptemberschoolsthemselvesarecaughtupinaglobalbattleofideas.Inmanycountrieseducationisattheforefrontofpoliticaldebate,andreformersdesperatetoimprovetheirnationalperformancearedrawingexamplesofgoodpracticefromallovertheworld.Whynow?Oneansweristhesheeramountofdataavailableonperformance,notjustwithincountriesbutbetweenthem.In2000theProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA)attheOECD,arich-countryclub,begantrackingacademicattainmentbytheageof15in32countries.Manywereshockedbywheretheycameintherankings.(PISA’slatestfiguresappearintable1.)Otheroutfits,too,havebeenGZH：Bluce学英语整理measuringhowgoodorbadschoolsare.McKinsey,aconsultancy,hasmonitoredwhicheducationsystemshaveimprovedmostinrecentyears.Technologyhasalsomadeadifference.Afteranumberoffalsestarts,manypeoplenowbelievethattheinternetcanmakearealdifferencetoeducatingchildren.HencethesuccessofinstitutionslikeAmerica’sKahnAcademy(seearticle).Experimentationisalsoinfectious;themoregovernmentstrythings,themoreothersexamine,andcopy,theresults.Aboveall,though,therehasbeenachangeinthequalityofthedebate.Inparticular,whatmightbecalled“thethreegreatexcuses”forbadschoolshaverecededinimportance.Teachers’unionshavelongmaintainedthatfailuresinWesterneducationcouldbeblamedonskimpygovernmentspending,socialclassandculturesthatdidnotvalueeducation.Allthesemakeadifference,buttheydonotdetermineoutcomesbythemselves.Theideathatgoodschoolingisaboutspendingmoneyistheonethathasbeenbeatenbackhardest.Manyofthe20leadingeconomicperformersintheOECDdoubledortripledtheireducationspendinginrealtermsbetween1970and1994,yetoutcomesinmanycountriesstagnated—orwentbackwards.Educationalperformancevarieswidelyevenamongcountriesthatspendsimilaramountsperpupil.SuchspendingishighestintheUnitedStates—yetAmericalagsbehindotherdevelopedcountriesonoveralloutcomesinsecondaryeducation.AndreasSchleicher,headofanalysisatPISA,thinksthatonlyabout10%ofthevariationinpupilperformancehasanythingtodowithmoney.GZH：Bluce学英语整理Manystillinsist,though,thatsocialclassmakesadifference.MartinJohnson,aneducationtradeunionist,pointstoBritain’s“inequalitybetweenclasses,whichisamongthelargestinthewealthiestnations”asthemainreasonwhyitspupilsunderperform.AreviewofreformsoverthepastdecadebyresearchersatOxfordUniversitysupportshim.“Despiterisingattainmentlevels,”itconcludes,“therehasbeenlittlenarrowingoflongstandingandsizeableattainmentgaps.Thosefromdisadvantagedbackgroundsremainathigherrisksofpooroutcomes.”Americanstudiesconfirmthepoint;DanGoldhaberoftheUniversityofWashingtonclaimsthat“non-schoolfactors”,suchasfamilyincome,accountforasmuchas60%ofachild’sperformanceinschool.Yetthelinkismuchmorevariablethaneducationegalitarianssuggest.Australia,forinstance,haswidediscrepanciesofincome,butcameacreditableninthinthemostrecentPISAstudy.China,rapidlydevelopingintooneoftheworld’sleastequalsocieties,finishedfirst.Cultureiscertainlyafactor.ManyAsianparentspaymuchmoreattentiontotheirchildren’stestresultsthanWesternonesdo,andpushtheirschoolstosucceed.Singapore,HongKongandSouthKoreasitcomfortablyatthetopofMcKinsey’srankings(seetable2).ButnotonlydosomeWesterncountriesdofairlywell;therearealsohugedifferenceswithinthem.EvenifyouputtoonesidetheunusualAsians,asthisbriefingwillnowdo,manyWesternsystemscouldjumpforwardmerelybybringingtheirworstschoolsuptothestandardoftheirbest.Sowhatarethesecretsofsuccess?Thoughthereisnoonetemplate,fourimportantGZH：Bluce学英语整理themesemerge:decentralisation(handingpowerbacktoschools);afocusonunderachievingpupils;achoiceofdifferentsortsofschools;andhighstandardsforteachers.ThesethemescanallbetracedinthreeplacesthatdidwellinMcKinsey’sleague:Ontario,PolandandSaxony.SectionBChinesetoEnglish国务院新闻办发表《中国特色社会主义法律体系》白皮书，这是2011年10月27号发布的。以下是其中的一些内容。社会实践是法律的基础，法律是实践经验的总结、提炼。社会实践永无止境，法律体系也要与时俱进。建设中国特色社会主义是一项长期的历史任务，完善中国特色社会主义法律体系同样是一项长期而又艰巨的任务，必须随着中国特色社会主义实践的发展不断向前推进。法