胡壮麟语言学修订版笔记Chapter-7

环球时代英语专业考研MTI翻译硕士专四专八日语考研等Chapter7Language,CultureandSociety[Thetextbookformofthischapterseemsverytwistedforme.SoIchangedthestructureofthenotes,usingsomequestionstoguidethewholechapter.–icywarmtea]7.1Languageandculture1.TheSapir-WhorfhypothesisWhattheSapir-Whorfhypothesissuggestsislikethis:ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Followingthisargument,twoimportantpointscouldbecapturedinthetheory.Ontheonehand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;ontheotherhand,similaritybetweenlanguageisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.Forthisreason,thishypothesishasalternativelybeenreferredtoaslinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.Thishypothesishastwoversions:astrongandaweakversion.Thestrongversionofthetheoryreferstotheclaimtheoriginalhypothesissuggests,emphasizingthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatterns.Theweakversion,however,isamodifiedtypeofitsoriginaltheory,suggestingthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,culture,andthought,butthecross-culturaldifferencesthusproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelative,ratherthancategorical.2.Contextofsituation(1)Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants:persons,personalities:a.Theverbalactionoftheparticipantsb.Thenon-verbalactionoftheparticipants(2)Therelevantobjects(3)Theeffectsoftheverbalaction3.Speechcommunity:Speechcommunityreferstoagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunity,e.g.avillage,aregion,anation,andwhohaveatleastonespeechvarietyincommon.4.Genderdifference:Genderdifferenceisthedifferenceinaspeechbetweenmenandwomen.5.Linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity:LinguisticdeterminismisoneofthetwopointsinS-Whypothesis,i.e.languagedeterminesthought.Linguisticrelativityistheotherpoint:thereisnolimittothestructuraldiversityoflanguages.6.Ethnographyofcommunication:Thestudyofplaceoflanguageinculture环球时代英语专业考研MTI翻译硕士专四专八日语考研等andsociety.Languageisnotstudiedinisolationbutwithinasocialorculturalsetting.Ethnographyofcommunicationstudies,e.g.howpeopleinaparticulargrouporcommunitycommunicatewitheachotherandhowthesocialrelationshipsbetweenthesepeopleaffectthetypeoflanguagetheyuse.7.Cross-culturalcommunication:Anexchangeofideas,information,etc.betweenpersonsfromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.8.Whataretheaimsofteachingcultureinlanguageclass?Thereareatleastthreeobjectivesforustoteachcultureinourclass:(1)Togetthestudentsfamiliarwithculturaldifferences;(2)Tohelpthestudentstranscendtheirowncultureandseethingsasthemembersofthetargetculturewill;(3)Toemphasizetheinseparabilityofunderstandinglanguageandculturethroughvariousclassroompractices.Allthisleadtoabeliefthatagoodunderstandingofstructuralthingsinsomecaseshasmuchtodowithaconsciousunderstandingoftheculturalbackgroundofthetargetlanguagefromlanguagelearners.Inotherwords,asuccessfulmasterofagivenlanguagehasmuchtodowithanunderstandingofthatculture,becauselanguageandculturearecorrelatedwitheachotheratdifferentlevelsoflinguisticstructure.7.2Languageandsociety1.Howmanysocialfactorsarebelievedtoinfluenceourlanguagebehaviorsinasocialcontext?Thefollowingsocialfactorsarebelievedtoinfluenceourlanguagebehaviorsinasocialcontext:(1)Class;(2)Gender;(3)Age;(4)Ethnicidentity;(5)Educationbackground;(6)Occupation;(7)Religiousbelief.2.WhatarethesociolinguisticstudyofsocietyandthesociolinguisticstudyoflanguageIfwewanttoknowmoreaboutagivensocietyorcommunitybyexaminingthelinguisticbehaviorofitsmembers,wearedoingasociolinguisticstudyofsociety.Thatistosay,wearedoingsociolinguisticsatamacrolevelofinvestigation.Atthislevelofdiscussionthingsthatweareinterestedinincludebilingualismormultilingualism,languageattitude,languagechoice,languagemaintenanceandshift,languageplanningandstandardization,vernacularlanguageeducation,etc.环球时代英语专业考研MTI翻译硕士专四专八日语考研等Ontheotherhand,ifwewanttoknowmoreaboutsomelinguisticvariationsinlanguageusebyturningtopotentialsocio-culturalfactorsforadescriptionandexplanation,wearedoingasociolinguisticstudyoflanguage.Consequently,wearemoreinterestedinexaminingmicrolinguisticphenomenasuchasstructuralvariants,addressforms,genderdifferences,discourseanalysis,PidginandCreolelanguages,andothermorelanguage-relatedissues.3.Whatarevernacular,PidginandCreole?Vernacularreferstothenativelanguageofacountry,notofaforeignoriginorlearnedformation;ortheindigenouslanguageordialectofaregion.Pidginisamixedorblendedlanguageusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.PidginsaroseasaresultofmixingtwolanguagessuchasaChinesedialectandEnglish,anAfricandialectandFrench,etc.Creoleisapidginthathasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthatcommunityastheirnativelanguage.4.Whatisdiscourseanalysis?Discourseanalysisreferstothestudyofhowsentencesinspokenandwrittenlanguageformlargermeaningfulunitssuchasparagraphs,conversation,interviews,etc.Analysisofspokendiscourseissometimescalledconversationalanalysis.Somelinguisticsusethetermtextlinguisticsforthestudyofwrittendiscourse.R