机械专业英语课件11

整理文档很辛苦,赏杯茶钱您下走!

免费阅读已结束,点击下载阅读编辑剩下 ...

阅读已结束,您可以下载文档离线阅读编辑

资源描述

1单词复习:1.enginelathe2.carriage/stop4.piston5.turret6.Crossslide7.forging/barstock8.collet/chuck上一课回顾2Lesson10MotorsandDrivers电机和驱动重点词汇:diesel[ˈdi:zəl]n.柴油机synchronous/asynchronous[eiˈsiŋkrənəs]angularvelocitystrip带、条slider-crank曲柄滑块gasolineengines汽油机pneumatic[nju(:)ˈmætik]气动的3Paragraph1Allofthemechanismswillrequiresomedriverstoprovidetheinputmotionandenergy.Therearemanypossibilities.所有机构都需要某种形式的驱动装置提供动力和运动。有许多种选择。Ifthedesignrequiresacontinuousrotaryinputmotion,suchasforaslider-crank(曲柄滑块)oracam-follower(凸轮随动件),thenamotoristhelogicalchoice.像曲柄滑块机构、凸轮机构,如果需要输入连续的旋转运动,那么选择发动机是合理的。4Paragraph2:Motorscomeinawidevarietyoftypes.Themostcommonenergysourceforamotoriselectricity,butcompressedairandpressurizedhydraulicfluidarealsousedtopowerairandhydraulicmotors.发动机有各种各样的类型。发动机最一般的能源是电,压缩空气和具有一定压力的液体也常用于气动和液压马达。5Gasolineordieselengines(汽油和柴油机)areanotherpossibility.Electricmotorsaremadeinseveraldesigns,amongwhichareAC,DC,servo,andstepping.汽油机和柴油机是另一选择。电机也有像交流/直流电机、伺服电机步进电机几种形式。6Paragraph3:ACandDCrefertoalternatingcurrentanddirectcurrentrespectively.ACistypicallysuppliedbythepowercompany(动力公司)and,intheU.S.,willbealternatingat60hertz,atabout±110voltsor±220volts.AC和DC分别指交流电和直流电。交流电一般由电厂(电力公司)提供,在美国交流电是60HZ、±110V或±220V。7Paragraph4:ACmotorsarethemostinexpensivesolutiontocontinuousrotarymotion,andthereareavarietyoftorque-speedcurves(扭矩速度曲线)tosuitvariousapplications.交流电机是得到连续旋转运动的最经济选择,有各种转矩—速度曲线适应不同载荷。Theyarelimitedtoafewspeeds,whichareafunctionofthe60HzAClinefrequency.交流电机有有限的几种速度,这是60HZ交流电源的作用结果。8ThemostcommonACmotornoloadspeedsare1725and3450revolutionperminute(RPM),whichrepresentsomeslippage(转差率)fromthemoreexpensivesynchronousACmotorspeedsof1800and3600rpm.最普通的交流电机零负载时速度为1725和3450rPm,这同较贵的速度为1800rPm和3600rPm的同步交流电机比有一定的转差率。Ifotherspeedsareneeded,agearboxspeedreducer(减速器)isattachedtothemotor’soutputshaft.如果需要输出其它速度,可在电机输出轴上装一齿轮减速器来解决。9Paragraph5DCmotorsaremadeindifferentelectricalconfigurations,whichprovidedifferingtorque-speedcharacteristics.Thetorque-speedcurveofamotordescribeshowitwillrespondtoanappliedload.直流电机有几种不同的配置,提供几种不同的转矩—速度特性。转矩—速度描述了直流电机如何与负载一致。10Figure1ashowssuchacurveforapermanentmagnet(PM永磁的)DCmotor.Notethatthetorquevariesgreatlywithspeed,rangingfrommaximumtorqueatzerospeedtozerotorqueatmaximumspeed.图1a所示为永磁直流电机特性曲线。转矩随速度变化较大,范围从零转速时最大转矩到最大转速时的零转矩。(a)Speed-TorquecharacteristicofaPMelectricmotorFigure1Speed-TorquecurveParagraph611ThisrelationshipcomesfromthefactthatPower=Torque×AngularVelocity.Sincethepoweravailablefromthemotorislimited,anincreaseintorquerequiresadecreaseinangularvelocityandviceversa.这种关系来自于关系式:动力=转矩×角速度因为动力是一定的,转矩增大要求角速度减小,反之亦然。viceversa[ˈvaisiˈvə:sə]反之亦然Wegossipaboutthemandviceversa(=theygossipaboutus).12Paragraph7Figure1bshowafamilyofloadlinessuperposedonthetorquespeedcurveofthemotor.图1b所示为在电机转矩—速度曲线上的一组负载线。(b)Loadlinessuperposedonaspeed-TorquecurveFigure1Speed-Torquecurve13Theseloadlinesrepresentachangingloadappliedtoamechanism,whichthemotormustsupply.这些负载曲线表示电机提供的作用到机构上的载荷变化。Theproblemcomesfromthefactthatastherequiredtorque(load)increase,themotormustreducespeedtosupplyit.这一变化的根据是:随着需要的负载转矩增加,电机输出的速度必须减小来适应这种变化。14Thustheinputspeedwillvaryinresponsetoloadvariation.这样速度将随着负载变化。Ifconstantspeedisdesired,thisisunacceptable.若需要速度恒定是不现实的。15Onepossiblesolutionistouseaspeed-controllerDCmotorwhichcontainscircuitry(回路)thatincreaseanddecreasethecurrenttothemotorinthefaceofchangingloadtotrytomaintainconstantspeed.一种可能的解决方案是使用速度控制的直流电动机,它有一电路系统随着电机负载的变化增大或减小输入给电机的电流以试图保持恒定的速度。Paragraph816TheseDCmotorwillrunfromanACsourcesincethecontrollerconvertsACtoDC.Thecostofthissolutionishigh,however.控制器将交流电转化为直流电,因此这些直流电机的运行需要交流电源,成本较高。Anothersolutionistoprovideaflywheelontheinputshaft,whichwillstorekineticenergyandhelpsmoothoutthespeedvariationsintroducedbytheloadvariations.另一种方案是在输入轴上安装飞轮,储存动能来平缓负载变化引起的速度波动。17Paragraph9TheseACandDCmotorsaredesignedtoprovidecontinuousrotaryoutput.Thoughtheycanbestalledagainstaload,theywillnottolerateafull-current,zero-velocitystallformorethanafewminuteswithoutoverheating.这些交流和直流电机用于输出连续的旋转运动。虽然电机负载增大时速度可降低,但不可能实现全电流、零速度停车超过几分钟而不过热。18Paragraph10Servomotorsarefastresponse,closed-loop(闭环)controlledmotorscapableofprovidingaprogrammedfunctionofaccelerationorvelocity,aswellasholdingafixedpositionagainstaload.伺服电机是一种快速反应,闭环控制的电机,具有可编程控制速度、加速度的功能,也可以通过固定位置来应对载荷变化。19Closedloopmeansthatsensorsontheoutputdevicebeingmovedfeedbackinformationonitsposition,velocity,andacceleration.闭环的意思是移动输出装置上的传感器能给出位置、速度、加速度的反馈信息。Circuitryinthemotorcontrollerrespondstothefedbackinformationbyreducingorincreasing(orreversing)thecurrentflowtothemotor.电机控制装置中电路通过增加或减小(反向)进入电机的电流,对反馈信息作出反应。20Thusprecisepositioningoftheoutputdeviceispossible,asiscontrolofthespeedandtheshapeofitstimerespondstochangesinloadorinputcommands.这样输出装置处于精确的位置是可能的。同时控制了速度、对载荷变化和输入指令的反应时间。21Theseareveryexpensivedevicesandcommonlyusedinapplicationssuchasmovingtheflightcontrolsurfacesinaircraftandguidedmissiles.这是一种很昂贵的装置,一般用在像移动在飞行器和巡航导弹中的飞行控制操作台。Thesearerelativelysmallandhavelow

1 / 36
下载文档,编辑使用

©2015-2020 m.777doc.com 三七文档.

备案号:鲁ICP备2024069028号-1 客服联系 QQ:2149211541

×
保存成功