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ThechangeofEnglishABriefHistory•古英语时期（OldEnglish）•中古英语时期（MiddleEnglish）•现代英语时期(ModernEnglish)OldEnglish(betweenthemid-fifthcenturyandthemid-twelfthcentury)•OldEnglishisanearlyformoftheEnglishlanguagethatwasspokenandwrittenbytheAnglo-SaxonsandtheirdescendantsinpartsofwhatarenowEnglandandsouthernandeasternScotland.•OldEnglishisaWestGermaniclanguage,developingoutofIngvaeonicdialectsfromthe5thcentury.MiddleEnglish(1066~15thC)•TheNormaninvadedandconqueredBritainin1066.ThentheFrenchCourtofWilliamgavetheEnglishaNorman-Parisian-Frencheffect.However,in1362,theParliamentopenedwithEnglishasthelanguageofchoice,andthelanguagewassavedfromextinction•UnlikeOldEnglish,writtenMiddleEnglishdisplaysawidevarietyofscribal(andpresumablydialectal)forms.ModernEnglish(since17thcentury)•EnglishbecamemoreorganizedandbegantoresemblethemodernversionofEnglish.•ModernEnglishdevelopedthroughtheeffortsofliteraryandpoliticalwriting.Currentinflectionshaveremainedalmostunchangedfor400years,butsoundsofvowelsandconsonantshavechangedgreatly.Changes(英语变化的表现):1.Thechangeofwords2.Thechangeofpronunciation.ThechangeofwordsCONTENT①Thesemantic(语义学的)changeofEnglishwords②Themorphological(形态学的)changeofEnglishwords③ThegrammaticalchangeofEnglishwords④Cyber(网络)vocabulary⑤Catchy(容易记住的)wordsinEnglishsemanticchangeofEnglishwordssemanticchangeofEnglishwords1.Broadening/Generalizatione.g.dog(inoldEnglish,itreferstobound,now,itreferstoanykindofdog)butcher(inoldEnglish,itreferstothepersonwhokillsgoatsorsheep,now,itreferstokillerwhokillsanimalsevenhumanbeings.)2.Narrowing/Specializatione.g.girl(inoldEnglish,itreferstoanygenderchild,now,itonlyreferstothefemalechild)deer(inoldEnglish,itreferstosmallcreatures,now,itonlyreferstothespecificanimal)semanticchangeofEnglishwords3.Melioration/Elevation(改善、提升)e.g.queen(inoldormiddleEnglish,itmeanswoman,butnow,itreferstothefemalerulerofanindependentstate)4.Deterioration/Degradation(退化、降级)e.g.villainoriginallyitmeanstenant(房客，承租人),now,itisacriminalcunningoriginallyitmeanslearned,konwledgeable,now,itmeansfoxy,tricky5.Antonomasia(换称)e.g.Judas,Helen,ShylockThemorphological(形态学的)changeofEnglishwordsThemorphological(形态学的)changeofEnglishwords1.Newsuffixescomeintobeinge.g.cafeteria→candyteria,bookteriaalcoholic→workholiclandscape→cityscape2.Nounsareusedasverbse.g.Tomauthorsthenovel.Hetyrewritesthepaperonthetypewriter.ThegrammaticalchangeofEnglishwordsGramaticalchangesrefertothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalaspectslikethepartsofspeech,singularandpluralmeaningsofnouns,tense,andaspectmeaningsofverbs,andsoon.Grammaticalchangeofwordsspreadsmoreslowlythansemanticchangeofwords.Themostsignalgrammaticalchangeofwordsisthedeclineoftheuseofmodalauxiliaries.e.g.haveto,needto,wanttoCyber(网络)vocabularyWiththedevelopmentofsocietyandIT,theemergenceofnewwordsorphrasesontheInternetisagreattendency.e.g.1.acronymy(首字母缩略):LOL(LeagueofLegends)2.abbreviation(缩写):def(definition)3.phoneticsubstitution(语音替换):2Bornot2B4.orthopraphicalreduction:pls(please)Cyber(网络)vocabularyCatchy(容易记住的)wordsinEnglishSomewordswhichcanbeverypopularinacertainperiodoftimeandthesewordsfrequentlyusedinadvertisementsandnewspapersarecalledcatchywords.e.g.overworkingclassunderworkingclassThechangeofpronunciationExplanationsofpronunciationarenotoriouslyconfusing,sowewillsimplyrelyondemonstratingthepronunciationofrepresentativewords.OldEnglishOldEnglishisadeadlanguage.Noone,noteventhechildrenofthemostfanaticalAnglo-Saxonists(thoughsomeofusareworkingonit)growsupspeakingAnglo-Saxonasacradletongue.Butitisneverthelessworthlearningtopronouncethelanguage,andnotonlysoyoucanimpresspeopleatcocktailparties.ReadingOldEnglishwordsandparadigmsaloudcanhelpsomestudentstomemorizeimportantinformationmoreeasily.Also,OldEnglishpoetryevolvedasanoralmedium:whilepeoplewrotedowntheirfavoritepoems,theymostlikelypreferredtohearthemreadaloud.shortaispronouncedliketheModernEnglishosoundincontact:manegumlongaispronouncedliketheasoundinModernEnglishfather:þamæispronouncedliketheasoundinModernEnglishcatorbat:fædershorteispronouncedliketheesoundinModernEnglishbet:betralongeispronouncedtorhymewithModernEnglishway:wePronouncingOldEnglishshortiispronouncedliketheisoundinModernEnglishhis:hislongiispronouncedlikeModernEnglisheeinfeed:ricesshortoispronouncedliketheosoundinModernEnglishpond:ondlongoispronouncedliketheosoundinModernEnglishgo:gedonshortuispronouncedliketheusoundinModernEnglishbull:ungelæredumPronouncingOldEnglishlonguispronouncedliketheoosoundinModernEnglishschool:sculanshortyispronouncedliketheisoundinModernEnglishwill:wyllelongyispronouncedliketheoosoundinModernEnglishschool,butwiththelipsslightlypursed:gecyþnissePronouncingOldEnglishshorte+aispronouncedthushealf.longe+aispronouncedthusþeawa.shorti+eispronouncedthusahielde.longi+eispronouncedthusstierde.shorte+oispronouncedthuseorþan.longe+oispronouncedthusheofon.PronouncingMiddleEnglishlongaispronouncedliketheasoundinModernEnglishfatherShortaispronouncedliketheosoundinModernEnglishhotlongeispronouncedliketheaysoundinModernEnglishday,orthees