数字拉丁或希腊前缀烷烃烷基烯烃醇醛中文译名从左至右alkanealkylalkenealcoholaldehyde烷烃、烷基、烯烃、醇、醛onemono-methanemethyl—methanolmethylaldehyde甲烷、甲基、甲醇、甲醛twodi-bi-ethaneethylethene,ethyleneethanolethylaldehyde,ethanal乙烷、乙基、乙烯、乙醇、乙醛threetri-propanepropylpropenepropanolpropylaldehyde丙fourtetra-Quadri-butanebutylbutenebutanolbutyladehyde丁fivepent(a)-pentanepentylpentenepentanolpentanal戊sixhex(a)-hexanehexylhexenehexanolhexanal己sevenhept(a)-heptaneheptylhepteneheptanolheptanal,heptylaldehyde庚eightoct(a)-octaneoctylocteneoctanoloctylaldehyde辛ninenon(a)-nonanenonylnonenenonanolnonylaldehyde壬tendec(a)-decanedecyldecenedecanoldecylaldehyde,decanal癸它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于多种有机溶剂中。Theywillmixfreelywithotherorganiccompoundsandareoftensolubleinorganicsolvents.氧的两对电子可以与两个不直接相连的碳共用而形成单键。Thetwopairsofelectronsofoxygenmaybesharedwithtwoseparatecarbonsformingonlysinglebond(≡C-O-C≡)。带负电的物体所含的电子比质子多。(复数不明显)Abodywithanegativechargepossessesmoreelectronsthanprotons.当然,当酸失去质子时,碱必须接收质子。因此,酸与碱的反应是一个质子转移的反应,这种反应一般称为中和反应。Ofcourse,whenanacidlosesaproton,abasemustbeinpresencetoacceptit.Thus,anacidandabasereactinaprotontransferreaction.thisreactionisgenerallyknownasaneutralizationreaction.本文将重点介绍一些近期发展的有关原料和成品加工的新技术。Thisarticlewillhighlightsomeofthelatestdevelopmentsinnewtechnologiesforrawmaterialsandfinishedproductprocessing.要使溶质在较好的程度上分离,就需要用分馏技术。Separationofsolutesfromeachothertoanyimportanteztentrequiresthefractionationtechniquesofdistillation.在发现电子之前,曾假定看不见的电流是从带正电的物体流往带负电的物体。Beforeelectronswerediscovered,itwasassumedthattheinvisiblef1uidofelectricityflowedfromthepositivetothenegativeobject.水银的贮藏量并不丰富,分布也不广。Mercuryisbynomeansabundantnorwidelydistributed.苯环上的甲基使甲苯非常容易硝化。(v.→adv.)Themethylgrouponthebenzeneringgreatlyfacilitatesthenitrationoftoluene.盐可以通过用金属置换酸中的氢来制取。(prep.→v.)Saltsmaybeformedbythereplacementofhydrogenfromanacidwithametal.石油便于使用是显而易见的。Petroleumconvenienceinuseisevident.随着越来越多的锌原子溶解,锌极板上充满了电子,使它变得越来越负。Thezincplatebecomesmoreandmorenegativelychargedwithelectrons,asmoreatomsofzincdissolve.与无机化合物不同,有机化合物分子间吸引力较弱,因此,有机化合物通常容易挥发且熔点较低。Incontrasttoinorganiccompounds,themolecularattractionoforganiccompoundsisweak,soorganiccompoundsareusuallyvolatileandpossesslowmeltingpoints.有机化合物不溶于水,因为水没有将它们的分子分离成离子的倾向(主语→宾语)Organiccompoundsarenotsolubleinwaterbecausethereisnotendencyforwatertoseparatetheirmoleculesintoions.烷烃的熔点起初很不规则,但随着分子的增大,则有些稳步上升的趋势。(谓语→宾语)Themeltingpointofalkanesareratherirregularatfirst,buttendtorisesomewhatsteadilyasthemoleculesbecomelarger.在最简单的化学电池内,电解液是硫酸的水溶液。(状语→定语)Inthesimplestchemicalcelltheelectrolyteisasolutionofsulfiaxicacidinwater.原油中各种烃的沸点不同。Thedifferenthydrocarbonsincrudeoilboilatdifferenttemperatures.因此,可以将吸收过程简单地分为两类:物理过程和化学过程。Absorptionprocessesarethereforeconvenientlydividedintotwogroups:physicalprocessandchemicalprocess.也许有人已经对有机化学所涉及的物质有所了解,但是他可能还不知道有机化学触及我们日常生活已达到一个什么样的程度。Onemayalreadyhavesomeideaofthematerialwithwhichorganicchemistrydeals,buthemaynotknowtheextenttowhichorganicchemistrytouchesonoureverydaylife.无数的有机物,在缺氧的情况下,受热、压力和时间的影响而转化为沉积的矿物燃料—一煤、石油和天然气。(原序)Intheabsenceofoxygen,untoldnumbersoforganismsweretransformedbyheat,pressure,andtimeintodepositsoffossil-fuels一coal,petroleumandnaturalgas.黄铜和青铜是两个广泛使用的铜合金。Twowidelyusedalloysofcopperarebrassandbronze.磁能产生电流这一发现在电学上是非常重要的。Thediscoverythatelectriccurrentcanbeproducedbymagnetismisextremelyimportantinthefieldofelectricity.要制备将细小粉粒适当分散在液体或膏体中的产品,如着色化妆品,需要润湿剂。Wettingagentsarerequiredtoprepareproperdispersionoffineparticlepowdersinliquids/pastessuchascolormakeup.水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸。Theoxidesofnitrogenareabsorbedinwatertogivenitricacid.一般来说,每当进行了一次化学反应并分离出反应产物后,就必须测定其结构。Ingeneralstructuremustbedeterminedeverytimeachemicalreactioniscarriedoutandareactionproductisolated.至于盐,它们也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢制取。Asforsalts,theymayalsobeformedbythereplacementofhydrogenfromanacidwithametal.如果推测产物是一个已知的化合物,那就可以用物理方法将它与已知物进行比较以确定它们的一致性。Iftheproductissuspectedofbeingacompoundalreadyknown,itisthenphysicallycomparedwiththeknownmaterialtoestablishitsidentity.伯醇的和缓氧化生成醛,而醛能进一步氧化生成有机酸。Mildoxidationofaprimaryalcoholgivesanaldehydewhichmaybefurtheroxidizedtoanorganicacid.蒸发的目的是浓缩由非挥发性溶质和挥发性溶剂所组成的溶液。Theobjectiveofevaporationistoconcentrateasolutionconsistingofanonvolatilesoluteandavolatilesolvent.我们称这种锌原子为带有两个正电荷的锌离子Zn2+。Wecallsuchazincatomanionwithadoublepositivecharge,Zn2+.用其它元素或基团取代氢原子而形成的苯的异构体的数目与脂肪烃所预期的数目不相吻合。Thenumberofbenzeneisomersformedonreplacinghydrogenatomsbyotherelementsorgroupsdoesnotcorrespondtothatexpectedforthealiphatichydrocarbons.根据这些新的定义,酸是一类含氢的物质,在其分子中与氢相连的键可以断裂,因而可失去氢离子。Accordingtothesenewdefinitionsanacidisanyhydrogencontainingspeciesinwhichthebondholdingthehydrogencanbebrokensothatthehydrogenioncanbelost.此外,还会发生异构化过程,从而导致其它相当复杂的反应发生。Besides,isomerazationprocessesmayalsotakeplacewhichinturnheadstootherfairlycomplicatedreactions.像玻璃这样的材料,虽然可见光和红外线很容易通过,但波长较长的射线却常常被它全部反射或吸收。Materials,suchasglass,whichallowthevisibleraysandtheinfraredraytopassthroughreadily,oftenreflectorabsorblongerrayscompletely.氧的两对电子可以单独与一个碳原子共用而形成双键或与两个不直接相连的碳或一个碳和一个氢共用而形成单键。Thetwopairsofelectronsofoxygenmaybesharedwith.onecarbonalo