跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Definethefollowingitems:1.interculturalcommunication:issimplydefinedasinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackground.2.interethniccommunication:referstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameracebutdifferentethnicbackgrounds.3.verbalcommunication：communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage.4.nonverbalcommunication:involvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.4.Monochronictime一元时间观念:meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.5.Polychronictime多元时间观念:meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.6.ethnocentrism：theviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit.7.stereotypes：referstonegativeorpositivejudgmentmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。8.encodingistheactofputtinganideaorthoughtintoacode..编码：是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。9.Cultureidentity:referstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。10.Subcultureareformedbygroupsofpeoplepossessingcharacteristictraitsthatsetapartanddistinguishthemfromotherswithinalargersocietyordominantculture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。11.Cultureshock文化震惊:isafeelingoffrustration,uneasiness,oruncertaintythatmanypeopleexperienceinunknownsettings.12.Taboo禁忌语：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。13.Paralanguage副语言：referstotherate,pitchandvolumequalitiesofthevoice,whichinterruptortemporarilytaketheplaceofspeechandaffectthemeaningofamessage是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.14.communicationnoise干扰Anyfactorthathindersordistortsthereceptionofthemessage15.Decoding解码Theinterpretativeprocessofassigningmeaningtoamessage.16.Denotation：istheconceptualmeaningofthewordthatdesignatesordescribesthings,eventsorprocesses,etc.17.Connotation：referstotheemotionalorstylisticassociationsthatawordorphrasesuggestsinone’smind.18.spacebubbleWhenpeoplearehavingconversationwithsomeoneelse,theygenerallyliketohavealittlebubbleofspaceallaroundthem.Thislittlebubbleofspaceextendsoneortwooreventhreefeetallaroundourbodies.Wetendtoviewthisasourpersonalspace,evenifweneverthinkaboutit.19.reversecultureshock:isthenamepeoplegivetothatfeelingofnotfittingintoyourhomecountry,andyouareespeciallyatriskofitifyoureturnhomeafterlivingabroadforanextendedtime.Answerthefollowingquestions:(1).Whatisthedifferencebetweenindividualismandcollectivism?Anindividualismcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandtoemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.ItisregardedasathreattothegroupandwillresultinpunishmentbythegroupinsomecountrylikeJapan.Acollectivismcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations)andusuallyconsidertheneedsofindividuals.Itvaluesthegroupabovetheindividual,andindividualshavearesponsibilitytothegroupthatsupersedesindividualneedsorrights.(2).Featuresofculture1.Cultureislearnedbehaviour2.Cultureisusuallyacquiredunconsciously3.Cultureissharedamongitsmembers4.Cultureispersistentandenduring5.Culturemanifestsitselfbothimplicitlyandexplicitly6.Cultureisadaptiveandchangeable7.Cultureisrelational(3).WhatisCultureshock.............p129Cultureshockisafeelingoffrustration,uneasiness,oruncertaintythatmanypeopleexperienceinunknownsettings.Cultureshockisamultifacetedexperienceresultingfromnumerousstressorsoccurringincontactwithadifferentculture.CauseofCultureshock1.Stressreaction3.roleshock2.Cognitivefatigue4.personalshock(4).ComponentsofCommunication：SenderAnypersonthatproducesthemessageSource交际邀请Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Code代码AnysystematicarrangementorcomprehensivecollectionofsymbolsEncoding编码Encodingistheactofputtinganideaorthoughtintoacode.Message编码信息ThetermmessageisthecontentofinteractionChannel交际渠道Themodebywhichamessagemovesfromthesourceofthemessagetothereceiverofthemessage.Noise干扰Anyfactorthathindersordistortsthereceptionofmessages.Receiver交际接受ThepersonthatreceivesthemessageinthecommunicationResponse反应ThereactionofthereceivertothedecodedmessageFeedback反馈Informationgeneratedbythereceiverandmadeavailabletoasourcethatallowsthesourcetomakequalitativejudgmentsaboutthecommunicationwhileitistakingplace(5)Whatisnonverbalcommunication?Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(6).CulturedifferenceonlexicallevelThelexicalmeaningofculturedifferencecanlargelybegroupedintotwotypes:denotationandconnotation.Denotationistheconceptualmeaningofthewordthatdesignatesordescribesthings,eventsorprocesses,etc.Itistheprimary,explicitmeaninggiveninthedefinitionofawordinadictionary.Connotationreferstotheemotionalorstylisticassociationsthatawordorphrasesuggestsinone’smind.Itistheimplicit,supplementaryva