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:20068,:2006103(No.50373049)(No.50425312)(No.50521302)33e2mail:jxu@iccas.ac.cn333(100080),,,,:,,:O647:A:10052281X(2007)0620860212ProgressinSuperhydrophobicSurfacesZhaoNingLuXiaoyingZhangXiaoyanLiuHaiyunTanShuaixiaXuJian33(StateKeyLaboratoryofPolymerPhysicsandChemistry,InstituteofChemistry,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080,China)AbstractSurfacewettingbehaviorisofgreatimportanceindeterminingtheapplicationofvariousmaterials.Manyphysicochemicalprocesses,suchasadsorption,lubrication,adhesion,dispersion,frictionandsofortharecloselyrelatedwiththewettabilityofmaterials.Inthelastdecade,surfaceswithultrahydrophobicityhavearousedmuchresearchinterestsowingtotheirpotentialapplicationinself2cleaningcoatings,microfluidicsandbiocompatiblematerialsandsoon.Therecentprogressinthestudyofsuperhydrophobicsurfaceissummarizedinthreeparts.Inthefirstpartthecharacterizationandinfluencesofwettabilityarebrieflyintroduced;inthesecondpartnewdevelopmentofsuperhydrophobicsurfacesissummarizedfrombothexperimentalandtheoreticalaspects;inthethirdparttheprospectofthedevelopmentinthisfieldisproposed.Keywordssuperhydrophobic;lotus2leaf2like;hierarchicalstructure;hysteresis;contactangle;slidingangle1,,,111(),,Youngs[1]:cos=(sg-sl)Plg(1)sgsllg,,Youngs,19620076PROGRESSINCHEMISTRYVol.19No.6June,2007,(a),(r),(a-r)[2,3],,,(slidingangle,SA),,[4]:l(cosr-cosa)=gVsin(2)l,V,(2),,112Wenzel[5,6]Cassie[7,8]40,Youngs1(a)(b)Fig.1Apparentcontactangleon(a)roughand(b)chemicallyheterogeneoussurfaceWenzel[5,6],1(a),(,),dx,dE:dE=r(sl-sg)dx+gldxcos(3)r,,Wenzelcos=r(sg-sl)Pgl=rcosr1(4)(4)Youngs:90,,;90,,Cassie[7],1(b),,()(i):cos=1cos1+2cos2(5)i,1+2=1CassieExtrand[9](12),wiD,,wD,12,12,;Cassie,,[10],[2]Johnson[2],,,,:15100;,10Drelich[11],210,[12,13]Extrand[13],,Yoshida[14](MMA)(FMA),,,1686,,,[2]22.1,[1521],,150,2a,,,;,(2b),[2226],Khorasani[27],;Barrat[28];Nun[29][22],,2[15]Fig.2SEMimagesof(a)lotusleafand(b)mercurydropthatpicksupcontaminantswhileslidingonthelotusleaf[15]21221211McCarthy[30],,173;Teare[31],,McCarthy[32],,,a/r=172/169[33](3),;Bico[34],,(contactangle,CA)167,1311513[33]Fig.3Morphologyofsiliconwaferwithmicroscaledpillarspreparedbyplasmaetching[33][35],22,,,Kim[36],CFx,,CFx,CA17010nm,21212Rao[37],,,,CA170,Shirtcliffe[38]2121326819Lau[39],,(ESEM)(4)[40],1604[39]Fig.4ESEMimageofmicroscalewaterdroponsuperhydrophobiccarbonnanotubealignmentsurface[39]21214Genzer[41],,131,7,510[42]PTFE,,PTFE,,CA190%,CA16521215Erbil[43],,,CA160[44][45][46][47],,CA166140,314210(5l),[48],2b2(PS2b2PDMS),PDMSPS,,,(5)Vogelaar[49],,5PS2b2PDMS[48]Fig.5Morphologyofsuperhydrophobiccopolymersurface[48]212166[51]Fig.6SEMimageofPVAnanofibermatpreparedbytemplateextrusion[51][50],CA173;,pH[51],(6),CA170[52],,CH2,,Lee[53],(PS),,PS,,PSPSPS368615514721217[54],,,,CA16015Acatay[55],DMF,,,,CA166SA413(10mg)Rutledge[56]PSPS2b2PDMS(5743,vol%)(7),150400nmPDMSPS,PDMS,CA163,15(aPr=164P149),,,,CA175[57]Singh[58],[59],,CA1587[56]Fig.7Typicaltopographyofthesuperhydrophobicnon2wavedfabricfromelectrospinning[56]21218[6064],,,,156,,115[60][61],p2(100),CA154,SA5(4l)[62][65],CA128,CA152,Fujishima[66],167,159,(8)8(a)[65](b)[66]Fig.8SEMimagesofsuperhydrophobicZnOsurfaceof(a)[65]and(b)[66]withdifferentmorphology21219Schlenoff[67],(9)CA168,13Rubner[68],,,,Cho[69],2(10),,Ji[70],,,CA172,SA615(4l)4681992[67]Fig.9RepresentativeSEMimageoforganic2inorganicsuperhydrophobicsurfacesfabricatedbylayer2by2layertechnique[67]212110[71]ZnCuAl,,,(10),CA150,SA10(8l)[72],,10[71]Fig.10SEMimagesofroughmetalsurfacepreparedbysolutionetching:(a)Znand(b)Cu[71]213,,Nakajima[73,74],30100nm,,,CA150Takai[75,76],,,,11136018nm,CA160Tadanaga[77,78],2050nm,,92%Shimomura[79],breathfigure,,80%,CA160(11)Fresnais[80]O2CF4,50nmCA160,11(a)(b)[79]Fig.11(a)SEMimageofhoneycomb2likepolymersurfaceand(b)theopticalproperty[79]214Wenzel90,,(3),r=1Pcos,180,5686Cassie,,,,:cos=fcos+(1-f)cos180=fcos+f-1(6)fOnda[81],(LPl)D-2(D,Ll),(7),cosf=(LPl)D-2cos(7)Nakajima[82](12)1100r1110,,Wenzel;1123r,,Cassie12[82]Fig.12Relationshipbetweenwatercontactangleonaroughsurfacewitharoughnessofr[82]Qur[83],:(90c,,c),3Wenzel,Wenzel;c,,CassieWenzelCassie,,,CassieWenzel[8487]Patankar[85],,,[87],,,CassieWenzelDupuis[88]Boltzmann,,CassieWenzel,Patankar[89],,,,CassieBhushan[90]Marmur[91]CassieWenzel:(1),CassieWenzel;(2)Cassie;(3)CassieWenzel,Wenzel,Cassie,WenzelCassie[92],150,McCarthy[93],,,180,Qur[94],,,,,,,VV(VclVVch)VVcl,;66819,VVch,21521511,,,Tsujii[95],,150,;170,[96],1710151611[47],140McCarthy[33],,Yabu[97],breathfigure,CA135,CA17021512[98],,,,,,Chen[99],,,440nm400nm360nm330nm190nm,,13514415216821513Minko[100],,160,,pH=3,[101],,(10),,;,,,[102]150,,,0,,,[103]pH[104]Yan[105]221514,[106]CA90,[20],,[2],[107],(13a)(CA166,SA5),Ming[108]700nm70nm7686,,(13b),PDMS,CA165,2,10l3,CA151,57;CA48P85Wenzel,,,,Cassie[109],,,CA173,SA2313(a)PANPS[107](b)[108]Fig.13Hierarchicalstructureof(a)PANandPSblend[107]and(b)silicaparticles[108],,[110]2b2,,50200nm,,12m,,,,(5l)CA16015211,SA9211,[111],(14a),PC,PC,(14b),150,10,,,[112]14:(a)[111];(b)[112]Fig.14SEMimagesofbiomimeticPCsurfacepreparedby(a)soluti