现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter3&4

Chapter3Word-Formation（I）构词法3.1GeneralRemark概述3.2Compounding复合构词法3.3Derivation派生构词法3.3.1Prefixation加前缀3.3.2Suffixation加后缀3.4Conversion词类转换法3.1GeneralRemarks概述ThethreemajorprocessesCompositionorcompounding(27%)raindrop,snow-white,baby-sitAffixationorderivation(17.5%)–prefixation前缀法:deescalate;antihero-suffixation后缀法:hawkish;modernizeConversion(10.5%)battle(v.)buy(n.)Theeightminorprocessesofword-formation:a)Initialismsandacronyms(about9%)首字母缩略法:U.N.,TV,UNESO,NATO;b)Blending(about6%)拼缀法:brunch,telex,airtel;c)Clipping(about2%)口语省略表达:phone,flue,lab;d)Wordsfrompropernames(about2%):anUncleTom,xerox;e)Backformation(about1%)反成法:gangle,vacuumclean;f)Reduplication(about0.5%)重叠法:walkie-talkie,go-go;g)Neo-classicalformations(about4%)新古典主义构词法:psychedelic,neurolinguistics;h)Others(about3%):pizzazz,gazuumpSomebasicconceptsofword-formation1.Word-formationrules2.Root,stem,base:Root词根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphologyStem词干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Eg.undesirables=un+desire+able+sBase:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)denationalized=de+nation+al+ize+dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalizedesirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)desired:desire(root,stemorbase)3.2Compounding复合构词法Compounding/composition复合构词法:Aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.Eg.flowerpot=flower+potmachine-independent=machine+independentTherelativecriteriaofacompound1.Orthographiccriterion书写标准:Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.Solid固定的:airtight;airmailHyphenated:带连接符号的air-conditioningOpen公开的:airforce,airraid2.Phonologicalcriterion语音标准:Compoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.3.Semanticcriterion:语义表达标准Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.E.g.flowerpot-花盆workday-工作日backyard-后院*wecaninferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsredtape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序)dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）三伏天flatfoot(apoliceman)警察blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)贵族血统blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)最高荣誉*wecannotinferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsTheclassificationofcompounding复合构词的分类Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.Partsofspeech:1.Nouncompounds名次合成词a)Subjectandverbb)Verbandobjectc)Verbandadverbiald)Subjectandobjecte)Restrictiverelationf)Appositiverelation2.Adjectivecompounds形容词合成词a)subjectandverb主谓关系b)verbandobject动宾关系c)verbandadverbial谓状关系d)nounandadjective3.Verbcompounds动词合成词a)Thoseformedbyback-formationb)Thoseformedbyconversion*therearetwotypesofsyntacticrelationsinverbcompounds-object+verb:housekeep“tokeephouse”proof-read“toreadandcorrecttheprinter'sproof.-adverbial+verb:babysit“tositwithababy”vacuumclean“tocleanwithavacuumcleaner”3.3Derivation派生构词法Derivation/affixation派生构词法:Aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.Eg.recover=re+coverworker=work+erAcombiningform[构词成分]:aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.Eg.autobiography自传文学auto-=autos(Gk)=selfself+life+writeautoalarm自动报警器(auto+alarm)autocracy独裁政治(auto+cracy)*Combiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.Eg.autocracyhydrographytelephoneautocracy=auto[构词成分]+cracy(suffix)hydrography=hydro[构词成分]+graphy(suffix)telephone=tele[构词成分]+phone(suffix)Prefixation前缀法Prefixation:theformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.Classificationofprefixes:1)negativeprefixes（反意前缀）:un-,non-,in-(im-,il-,ir-),dis-,a-2)reversative/privativeprefixes（相反动作前缀）:un-,de-,dis-,3)pejorativeprefixes（贬义前缀）:mis-,mal-,pseudo-4)prefixesofdegreeorsize（等级与大小前缀）:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-5)prefixesofattitude（态度取向前缀）:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-6)locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-7)prefixesoftimeandorder（时间顺序前缀）:for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-8)numberprefixes（常用数字前缀）:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-9)miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-Productiveprefixes:anti-,de-,mini-,non-,re-,super-,un-1.ant-/anti-ant-/anti-==againstAnti-JapaneseWar抗日战争antibody抗体ant-/anti-==unliketraditionanti-art非正统艺术anti-hero非传统英雄2.de-toundowhathasthisbeendone,reverseanactionorprocess.Deacidify使脱酸，降低…的酸度Decentralize使分散，疏散Decolonize使非殖民化toremovedebug调试，除错defog从…除雾delocalize使…离开座位，使…不受座位限制3.mini-.mini-+n小，微ofverysmallsize,duration,orimportance.minibus微型汽车reachingwellabovethek