现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter8

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter81Chapter8MeaningAndContext8.1Twotypesofcontexts8.2Thevitalroleofcontextindeterminationofwordmeaning8.3Suggestedwaysforthecorrectcomprehensionofwordmeaning8.1TwotypesofContextsLinguisticcontext语言类语境Thereare3typesoflinguisticcontext:lexical,grammatical,andverbalcontext.1.Lexicalcontext词汇语境Lexicalcontext:referstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.*Linguisticcontextisthelinguisticenvironment,inwhichalinguisticunitisused.*Alinguisticunitcanbeaphrase,aclause,asentence,aparagraph,apassage,achapterinabookorevenabook.Eg:makeShemakecoffeeforallofus.(makeisoftenusedinthesenseofconstructingsth.byputtingmaterialstogether)Theregulationsweremade(enacted)toprotectchildren.Wemade(had)agoodbreakfastbeforeleaving.Myfathermade(earned)10000yuanayear.Thetrainwasmaking(travellingataspeed)70milesanhour.Wemade(arrivedat)thestationintimetocatchthetrain.dodoasum(workouttheanswertoamathematicalquestion)doone’steeth(brush)dotheflowers(arrange)dofish(cook)doscienceatschool(study)doamuseum/city/country(visit)2.Grammaticalcontext语法语境Ingrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofacertainwordisthemeaningofthelexicalitemswithwhichthewordiscombined.Eg:getget+n.=toreceiveIgotalettertoday.get+adj.=tobecomeHe’sgettingbetter.get+n.+adj.=tobringtoacertaincondition;causetobeorbecomeShesoongotthechildrenreadyforschool.get+infinitive=tosucceedindoingIfIgettoseehim,I’llaskhimaboutit.get+V-ing=toreachthestartofanactivity‘‘Getgoing!Start!’’get+n.+infinitive=tocausetodoI’llgethimtorepairmywatch.现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter823.Verbalcontext文本语境Verbalcontext:Inadditiontolexical,andgrammaticalcontext,theverbalcontext,initsbroadestsense,maycoveranentirepassage,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting,asstartinthebeginningofthechapter.Extra-linguisticcontext/Contextofsituation语言外或情景语境1.Theactualspeechsituationinwhichaword(oranutterance,oraspeechevent)occurs.*Indailylife,wordmeaningismoreoftendependentontheactualsituationinwhichawordisusedratherthanonverbalcontext.2.Theentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventhastobeset.Eg.Pansant,farmer,farmworker农民Liberalism自由主义8.2TheVitalRoleofContextinDeterminationofWordMeaningEliminatingambiguities消除词汇歧义和结构歧义Ambiguityreferstoaword,phrase,sentenceoragroupofsentenceswithmorethanonepossibleinterpretationormeaning.*Severaltypes:1)PolysemyEg.Thedamagewasdonebytheriver.(by=beside/throughtheagency,means,orinstrumentalityof)=Thedamagewasdonebesidetheriver.=Thedamagebroughtaboutthedamage.2)Structuralambiguityarisingfromthegrammaticalanalysisofasentenceoraphrase.Eg.Youngmenandwomen-young/menandwomen/(bothareyoung)-/youngmen/andwomen(onlymenareyoung)IlikeBillmorethanMary.-IlikeBillmorethanMarydoes.-IlikeBillmorethanIlikeMary.Conveyingemotionalovertones传达感情色彩Theemotivesideofwordmeaningdependslargelyonthecontext,withtheexceptionofthosewordsthathaveaffectivemeaningaspartofwordmeaning.Eg.niceYou’vegotusintoanicemess.(bad)-isironicandacquiresanunfavourablesense.*Onlythecontextcanshowwhetherawordshouldbetakenasapurelyobjective现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter83expression,whetheritconveysandevokesemotions,orwhetheranappreciativewordisusedinanunfavourableway.Indicatingreferentsandtherangeofthemeaningofaword明确词义的指代和广度Pronouns(likeI,you,he,she,thisorthat)areoftenusedinsteadofanounoranounphrase;do,can,orshouldcanbeusedinplaceofaverbphrase,andthen,orthereisusedinplaceofanadverbialphraseoftimeorplace.Eg.Manismortal.(thewholeofmankind)Manistallerthanwoman.(onlythemalehalfofthehumanrace)8.3SuggestedwaysforthecorrectcomprehensionofwordmeaningA.Theuseofanup-to-dateandadequatemonolingualdictionary使用一本最新的、内容足够丰富的单一语种词典B.AgoodknowledgeofthecultureoftheEnglish-speakingpeople对英语国家人民的文化有很好的理解C.Developmentoftheabilitytodeterminethemeaningofawordfromitscontext培养自己通过语境去理解词义的能力