现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter5

Chapter5WordmeaningandSemanticFeatures词义与语义特征5.1ConventionalityandMotivation约定俗成与有理据词5.2MainTypesofWordMeaning词义的分类5.3ComponentialAnalysisandSemanticFeatures语义成分分析与语义特征5.1ConventionalityandMotivation约定俗成与有理据词ThesoundandmeaningofwordsrelatedTwoways:1.Conventionality约定俗成MostEnglishwordsareconventional,arbitrarysymbol.Arbitrary:adj.decidedbyorbasedonchanceorpersonalopinionratherthanfactsorreason.Conventionalorarbitrary:thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense.Eg.△□English–houseFrench–maisonChinese–fángziRussian–domSpanish–casa2.Motivation有理据词Motivation:referstotheconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.Phoneticmotivation语音理据Phoneticmotivation:pronunciationsuggeststhemeaning,includingechoicwordsoronomatopoeicwordsE.g.woof-woofthewoof-woofofadogmiaowthemiaowofacatroartheroarofalionbangthebangofadoorMorphologicalmotivation形态理据Morphologicalmotivation:thereisadirectconnectionbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.E.g.anticancer抗癌的kilogram公斤，千克good-looking好看的，美貌的daydream白日梦，做白日梦Semanticmotivation语义理据Semanticmotivation:Thefigurativemeaningcanbeunderstoodbythosewhoknowtheliteralmeaning.E.g.astonyheart铁石心肠，冷酷无情thelegofatable桌子的腿5.2MainTypesofWordMeaning词义的分类TypesofWordMeaning:A.Grammaticalmeaning语法意义B.Lexicalmeaning词汇意义A.Grammaticalmeaning1.word-class词类:Theword-classdeterminesthepositionthatawordnormallyoccupiesinasentenceEg.Beingachild,hecan’tunderstandwhathejustsaid.Heneverdreamsofbeingasuperstar.2.inflectionalparadigm词形变化:Eg.seasonsofayear一年四季thepoles南北两极cat–catsmouse–micewalk–walks–walkedwrite–wrote–writtenB.Lexicalmeaning1.Denotativemeaning外延意义(conceptualmeaning概念意义)Denotativemeaninginvolvestherelationshipbetweenalinguisticunit(esp.alexicalitem)andthenon-linguisticentities(physicalobjects,naturalphenomena/things,events,processes)towhichawordrefersThedenotativemeaningofaword’sdefinitiongiveninadictionaryEg.chairchair:apieceoffurnitureforonepersontositon,whichusuallyahsaback,aseat,fourlegs,andsometimesarmsthesamemeaningforallspeakersofagivencommunityItisthataspectoflexicalmeaningwhichmakescommunicationpossible.thecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication2.Connotativemeaning内涵意义Connotativemeaning:theemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone’smind.E.g.motherdenotativemeaning:femaleparentconnotativemeaning:love,care,warmTwolevelsofconnotationConnotationspertainingtoindividualsbasedonpersonalexperiencee.g.fatherConnotationspertainingtoagroupe.g.communist,road,UncleSam3.Socialorstylisticmeaning社会或文体意义Socialmeaning:apieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstanceofitsuse.Oneadjustedone’slanguagesoastomakeitappropriateinvarioussituationintermsof:(1)thesocialrelationshipbetweenthespeakersorcorrespondents(friendtofriend,professortostudent)(2)theoccasion(aclassreunionoranofficialreception)(3)subjectmatter(aboutseriouspoliticalissuesoraboutfilms,swimmingorfood)(4)themodeofdiscourse(spokenorwritten)StylisticmeaningConsultativestyleisapoliteandfairyneutralstyle;it’susedwhenwearetalkingtoapersonwhomwedonotknowwell,ortosomeonewhoisseniortoourselvesintermsofageorsocialposition.Casualstyleisusedinconversionbetweenfriendsorinpersonalletterwhenthelanguageisinformal,familiar,relaxed,warmandfriendly.thecriterionofformality:formal,neutralandinformal4.Affectivemeaning情感意义Affectivemeaningisconcernedwiththeexpressionoffeelingsandattitudesofspeakerorwriter.snarlwords–showdisapprovalorcontemptonthepartofthespeaker.derogatory(derog.)E.g.gang,niggardlypurrwords—expressthespeaker'sapprovalofthepersonorthingheistalkingabout.appreciatory(apprec.)E.g.scholar,masterpiece,generousSummary1.DenotativeorconceptualmeaningThecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication2.ConnotativemeaningReferstotheassociationsthatawordsuggestsinone’smind3.SocialorstylisticmeaningConveysthesocialcircumferencesoflanguageuse4.AffectivemeaningExpressesthefeelingsandattitudeofthespeaker5.3ComponentialAnalysisandSemanticFeatures语义成分分析与语义特征ComponentialanalysisonthebasisofsemanticcontrastComponentialanalysis:Aprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents(semanticfeatures).ManMan:[+Hunan+Adult+Male]ChildChild:[+Human-Adult+Male]CowCow:[+Bovine+Adult-Male]LambLamb:[+Ovine-Adult+Male]BoarBoar:[+Porcine+Adult-Male]现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter5AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofcomponentialanalysisAdvantages:1)Enableustohaveanexactknowledgeoftheconceptualmeaningofaword2)HelpustochoosetherightwordorcollocationDisadvantages:1)Theimpossibilityofmakingalistoftheinfinitenumberofsemanticfeatures.2)Theanalysisofwordmeaningintoitssensecomponentsisnotenough.3)Manywordsareoftenusedfigurativelywithoutobservingthenormal“usagerules”