现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter10

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter101Chapter10EnglishIdioms10.1IntroductoryRemarks10.2SourcesofEnglishIdioms10.3ClassificationofIdioms10.4Syntactic,structuralandstylisticanalysisofidioms10.1IntroductoryRemarksIdiom:isacombinationoftwoormorewordswhichareusuallystructurallyfixedandsemanticallyopaque,andfunctionasasingleunitofmeaning.Englishidiom:isagroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningdifferentfromthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.eg.afeatherinsb.’scap–anhonour,success,ofwhichonecanbeprouddrawablank–tofailtodiscoverorfindoutaboutsth.aftersearchinghardandaskingmanyquestions.*Idiomsareusuallysemanticallyopaque,i.e.metaphoricalratherthanliteral.Anidiomfunctionsasaunitofmeaning.Features:a.semanticopaqueness;b.structuralinvariability.Englishidiomsformanessentialpartofthegeneralvocabulary.Idiomsreflecttheenvironment,life,historyandcultureofthenativespeakers,andarecloselyassociatedwiththeirinnermostspiritandfeeling.10.2SourcesofEnglishIdiomsManyidiomaticexpressionscomefrom:1)EverydaylifeoftheEnglishpeople;eg.tokeepone’sshirton要有耐心;别紧张;指不要紧张togivesb.thecoldshoulder冷落某人2)Agriculturallife;eg.togotoseed花谢结子;走下坡路;花谢结籽toleadsb.upthegardenpath迷惑某人,使某人产生错觉,花言巧语3)Nauticalandmilitarylife;eg.beinthesameboatwith同舟共济tobeindeepwaters陷入困境4)Businesslife;eg.tocomeunderthehammer将要落锤totalkshop三句不离本行5)Studentlife;eg.tospeakbythebook引经据典toturnoveranewleaf重新开始(改过自新,过新生活)6)Foodandcooking;eg.tokeepthepotboiling仅足糊口;苟延残喘tobeinthesoup陷入困境现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter1027)Sportsandcad-playing;eg.tokeeptheballrolling不使中断toreachfirstbase取得初步成就8)TheBible;eg.athornintheflesh肉中刺,眼中钉,烦恼的根源toturntheothercheek忍气吞声theappleofone’seyes掌上明珠9)Shakespeare’splays;eg.toflutterthedovecotes扰乱鸽棚togivetheDevilhisdue勿掩恶人善，平心而论10)fables,mythsorlegends.eg.sourgrapes（指某人因得不到某物而称该事物不好）酸葡萄thelion’sshare（最大份额或最大的一份）狮子的份额10.3ClassificationofIdiomsThereareseveralcriteriaofclassificationofidioms.Weclassifythembystructuralcriterion.A.Phraseidioms短语成语Accordingtothecentralword,theymaysubdividedinto:1.Verbphraseidiom*a)AllcommonEnglishverbs,mostofwhichareofnativeAnglo-Saxonorigin,cancombinewithadverbsandprepositionstoformphrasalverbs.b)MostoftheverbphraseidiomsareoftennearlysynonymouswithloanwordsofRomanorigin.c)Verbphraseidiomscanformnouncompounds.d)Phrasalverbsusuallymorelivelyandexpressivethansingleverbs.eg.fallflat大失所望;残败bitethehandthatfeedsone以怨报德2.NounphraseidiomThecommonestfunctionsofnounphraseidioms:a)Asthedirectobjectofaclause;b)Asthecomplementofaclause;c)Astheobjectofapreposition.eg.abaker’sdozen十三个Jackofalltrades万事通;万金油3.AdjectivephraseidiomThecommonestfunctionofadjectivephraseidiomsisascomplementofaclause.eg.highandmighty盛气凌人;趾高气扬wideofthemark毫不沾边4.Prepositionalphraseidiom现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter103Functionsofprepositionalphraseidiomsare:a)Asanadjunctmodifyingaverb;附属修饰语b)Asacomplement;补语c)Asacomplementoradjunct;d)Asadisjunct;分离判断语，附加语e)Asaconnectingphrase.B.Clauseidioms无主语从句成语Mostoftheseidiomsareterse,colloquial,vividandchangedwithlife.1.Verb+complementpattern2.Verb+directobjectpattern3.Verb+directobject+complementpattern4.Verb+indirectobject+directobjectpattern5.Verb+directobject+adjunctpatternC.Sentenceidioms句子成语1.Proverbs;2.Typicalconversationalexpressionseg.Uponmyword!我敢担保!Wellbegunishalfdone.半途而废Killthegoosethatlaidthegoldenegg.毁掉财路;杀鸡取卵10.4Syntactic,structuralandstylisticanalysisofidiomsA.syntacticfunction句法的功能1.Thesyntacticfunctionofmostphraseidiomsusuallycorrespondswiththecentralwordorcomponents.2.Thesyntacticfunctionofsomephraseidiomscanvary.3.Prepositionalphraseidiomshaveverydiversefunctions.4.noun+nounphraseshavediversefunctions.eg.Hehasagiftofthegab.(theabilitytotalkreadilyandeasily)B.transformationalrestrictions结构转换的限制性Transformationisamatterofstructuralchange,andthechangemaybeofvariouskinds.1.Someverbphrasesmaychangewordorder.2.Somecannotchangetheirwordorder.3.Someverbphrasesmaybepassivized,butsomecannot.4.Mostoftheclauseidiomscannotbeputintothepassivevoice,whilesomeofthemcanbeusedeitherway.5.Thedirectobjectusuallydoesnotundergopassivetransformation;onlytheindirectobjectcanbepassivized.6.Someclauseidiomsmaybemadepassivewithameaningquitedifferentfromwhatithadintheactiveform.现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter104C.Collocativerestrictions搭配限制1.Wordscollocatewithidiomsasthesubjects,objects,predicatesetc.ofdifferenttypesofphraseandclauseidioms.2.Someidiomshaveawiderangeofcollocateswhilesomehavealimitedchoice.3.Forsomeidioms,onehastoconsiderwhichcollocateswillserveasadjuncts.D.Structuralvariability结构变化Idiomsarestructurallyfixed,andasaruleonearenotsupposedtochangeanyelementinanidiomaticexpression.Butitisnotunusualforwriterstogiveanewtwisttoanoldsayingbymakingslightchangesforrhetoricaleffect.Somewaysofalterationinidioms:1.Thereplacementofoneelementbyanotherwithoutaffectingthemeaningofthewhole.2.Insertionofoneormorewordsintoanidiomaticexpressionwithoutchangingitsbasicmeaning.3.Deletionofoneormorewords,especiallyarticles.E.Stylisticfeatures文体特征1.Mostidiomsarestylisticallyneutral;2.ButsomeofthembelongtoinformalspokenEnglish;3.Someidiomphrasesareslangy.