现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter11

Chapter11AmericanEnglish11.1GrowthofAmericanEnglish11.2CharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish11.3DifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish11.1GrowthofAmericanEnglishA.BeforeIndependence(before1783)(1)Spellingeg.cleare–cleardutei–dutygoodnes—goodness(2)Pronunciationeg.tea/te:/(3)Grammar(4)Vocabulary*thegreatestdifferenceB.Fromindependencetotheearly19thcentury1)Thecommonstrifeofbravingthehardshipsoflife,fightingagainstBritishtariffsandultimatelypoliticalcontrolledtotheemergenceasenseofnationally.2)In1816，AVocabulary,orCollectionofWordsandPhrases,whichhavebeensupposedtobepeculiartobetheUSA,waspublished.3)ThusitmightbenearthetruthtosaythatAmericanEnglishhadtakenrootandbeguntoinfluenceBritishEnglishbytheearly19thcentury.C.Fromtheearly19thcenturytothepresenttime1)TheUSplayedanimportantroleinWorldWarI,andhadbecomeoneoftheleadingpowersontheeveoftheWorldWarII.2)Scientificandtechnicalinventions,improvedmeansofproductionandtransportation,newinstitutionandnewlifeallneedednewexpressions.3)SincetheWorldWarII,theUShasbecomeliterallytheleaderofthewesternworldandoneofthesuperpowerscontendingforworldhegemony.4)ThusinalittlethanfourhundredyearsAmericanEnglishhasdevelopedunderitspeculiarhistorical,political,economicandsocialconditiontoitspresentposition.D.TheimpactofAmericanEnglishonBritishEnglishTwofactorshavestrengthenedthistendency:1)ThetwovarietiesofEnglisharebasicallythesameinphoneticandmorphemicstructure.2)Americanmovies,popularsongs,newspapers,magazines,novels,andradioandtelevisionprogramsaresopopularinEnglandthattheyserveaseffectivemediathoughwhichtheBritishpeopleacceptAmericanexpressionsalmostunconsciously.11.2CharacteristicsofAmericanEnglishA.Creativenessinenrichingthelanguage丰富的语言创造性1)Facingtheurgentrequirementofnamingnewthingsandexpressingnewconcepts,theearlysettlersformedgreatnumbersofexpressivecompounds.eg.jimson-weed(Jamestownweed)（美）蔓陀罗（茄科）skyscraper摩天楼bell-hop旅馆侍者，旅馆服务员（等于bellboy）2)AnotherhandywayfrequentlyusedbyAmericantoformwordsisconversion,esp.fromnountoverb.eg.tolumber(tocutlumber)采伐toholiday(tospendholiday)3)SomeaffixesarepreferredbyAmericansandusedratherfreely.eg.super–super-films,super-perfect,super-starde—dehire,deescalate,debug-teria–cafeteria,sodateria-nik—protestnik,popnik4)Americanreadinessformakingneologismsalsofindsexpressioninblendsandback-formation.eg.blend:Amerind-AmericanIndiantrainasium–traininggymnasiumback-formation:commute,enthuse,emote5)Clippingsandacronymseg.clipping:deli–delicatessennarc–narcoticagentacronym:NASA6)Newmeaningsforexistingwordseg.sucker—dupesqueeze–boyorgirlfriendtofire–dismiss7)PhrasesoriginatinginAmericaeg.inthedoghouse–betemporarilyunpopularB.Conservativenessorretentionofarchaicfeatures对古英语的保留C.Heterogeneity1)AmericanIndian2)French3)Spanish4)Dutch5)German6)Italian7)Africanelements8)Yiddish犹太意第绪语现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter113D.RelativeuniformityinspeechE.PopularityofslangF.Useofbigwordseg.gobbledygook–talkorwritingthatispompous,wordy官样文章braggadocio–vain,noisy,boasting自夸，吹牛；吹牛大王G.Verboseandplainstyleinwriting11.3DifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglishA.Differencesinpronunciation*differentphonemesmaybeusedinthesameword,thisfoundonlywithindividualwords.WordBritishAmericanate/et//eit/schedule/’∫edju:l//’skedjul/vase/va:z//veis,veiz/*differentinstressBritishAmericanad’dress‘addressad’vertisement‘advertisementde’tail‘detailB.Differencesinspelling现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter114C.Differencesingrammar现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter115D.Differencesinvocabulary