现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter7

Chapter7SenseRelationsBetweenWords7.1Synonymy同义关系7.2Antonymy反义关系7.3Hyponymy上下义关系7.4SemanticField语义场7.1SynonymySynonyms:wordsdifferinginsoundformbutidenticalorsimilarinmeaning.*Synonymy:arelationshipof‘samenessofmeaning’thatmayholdbetweentwowords.Synonym:awordthatmeansthesameasanother.*Orexactlyoneoftwoormorewordswhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.KindsofsynonymsTherearetwokindsofsynonyms1)Completesynonyms:arewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.*They’rerare.Twowordsaretotallysynonymsonlyiftheyarefullyidenticalinmeaningandinterchangeableinanycontextwithouttheslightestalterationinconnotative,affectiveandstylisticmeanings.Eg.spirants–fricative(phonetics)caecitis–typhlitis(medicine)word-formation–word-building(lexicology)2)Relativesynonyms:alsocalledquasi-synonyms.Differfromcompletesynonymsinthefollowingrespects:a)Indegreeofagivenqualityorinshadeofmeaning;Eg.small,tiny,diminutive,minute,microscopic,infinitesimal---theydenotedifferentdegreesofsmallnessanger,rage,fury,indignation,wrath–theydenotetheemotionalexcitementinducedbyintensedispleasure.b)Inaffectivemeaning,andstylisticmeaning;i.affectivemeaning(emotivemeaning)Eg.little–smalllittle–emotionisassociatewiththedesignationsmall–hasnoaffectivemeaningthrifty/frugal–niggardly/miserlyblack–niggerii.stylisticmeaning:wordswhichreferstothesamethingbutbelongtodifferentstylisticlayers:neutral(common),colloquial,literary,slang,vulgar,scientificandtechnical,ect.Eg.chide(literary)berate(neutral)scold(neutral)blame(neutral)carpet(colloquial,esp.BrE)telloff(colloquial)bawlout(AmE.,slang)c)Incollocationanddistribution:Eg.pretty–girl/child/flower/garden/colour/village/cottagehandsome–boy/masterpiece/car/table/overcoat/airliner/housed)SomesetsofsynonymsbelongtodifferentdialectsofthelanguageSynonymouspatternsa)ThedoublescalepatternEg.NativeLatinfriendshipamityhelpaidinnerconcealsameidenticalb)ThetriplescalepatternEg.NativeFrenchLatinaskquestioninterrogatefireflameconflagrationfearterrortrepidationgoodnessvirtueprobityholysacredconsecratedThechoiceandappropriateuseofsynonyms1)DifferenceindenotationSynonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaning.Somewordshaveawiderrangeofmeaningthanothers.comprehend/understandextend/increase/expandlaugh:chortle,chuckle,giggle,guffaw,snicker/snigger,titter2)Differenceinconnotation.Byconnotation,wemeanthestylisticandemotivecoloringofwords.Somewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylistic(emotional)appropriateness.unlike/dissimilarhomely/domesticLookatthatlovelylittleboy.Lookatthatsmallboy.Lookatthattinyboy.3)Differenceinapplication.Manywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferentinusageinsimple4)DifferenceinapplicationManywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferentinusageinsimpleterms.Theyformdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferentsentencepatterns(distribution:pre-orpost-modifier).empty(box,street,room),vacant(seat,chair,apartment),blank(check,ablanksheetofpaper)accuse….of,charge…with,rebuke…for,reproach…with/for*synonymsalsoincludesthreeotheraspects:(1)synonymsofdifferentword-class(jealous–jealousy)(2)wordssynonymouswithphrases(totolerate–toputupwith)(3)differentsentencepatternsexpressingroughlythesameideaeg.Hewasthesoleproviderofthefamily.Healonehadtosupportthefamily.Hewastheonlypersontoprovideforthefamily.7.2Antonymy反义关系Antonyms:wordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.(oppositenessofmeaning)TypesofantonymsA.antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticcontrasta)Contraries相对反义词Antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Thetwooppositesaregradable.–hot,warm,cool,cold–beautiful,pretty,good-looking,plain,ugly–old-young,open-close,big-small,poor-rich–b)Complementaries绝对反义词/互补反义词Theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositeness.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem(non-gradable).Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.–dead-alive,present-absent,male-female,true-false,approval-disapprovalcapable-incapable–Prefixes:dis-,in-,il-,ir-,im-,un-……c)Coversives换位反义词/关系反义词Thisthirdtypeconsistsofrelationalopposites.onememberoftheantonymspairpresupposestheothermember.–Husband-wife,fiancé-fiancée,employer-employee,debtor-creditor–Above-below,infrontof-behind,up-down–Buy-sell,give-receive,go-come,gain-loseB.antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofthemorphologicalstructurea)Markedandunmarkedmembers(有标记项和无标记项)E.g.:tiger(unmarked),tigress(marked)•Theunmarkedmemberisusedmuchmorewidelythanmerelyasacontrastwiththemarkedone,whichismorespecificindenotation.•Old/young;“Howold/youngareyou?”•big/small;“Howbig…?”•wide/narrow;“Howwide…?”•Heavy/light*Thecovertermiscalled“unmarked”,i.e.usual;andthecovered“marked”,orunusual.b)Somewordswithoutantonyms*Notallwordshaveantonyms:Eg.House,window,forest,book,coal…d)DifferentantonymsunderdifferentcircumstanceEg.anoldman–ayoungmananoldhouse–amodern/newhouseathinslice–athicksliceathinman–afatmanatallbuilding–alowbuildingatallman–ashortmane)LexicalantonymsvssyntacticnegationLexicalantonymsisoftenstrongerthansyntacticnegation.(usingnot)Eg.impossible–notpossibleu