中西翻译简史-第十一讲-西方翻译史-2

中西翻译简史AConciseHistoryofTranslationinChinaandtheWestLecture11TranslationHistoryintheWest2:from18thCenturyto1970sBackground•translatabilityanduntranslatability•morephilosophicalandlessempirical:originoftranslationstudiesBackground•reasons:•theriseofphilologyasauniversitydiscipline•theliterarymovementofRomanticismBackground•translator“asacreativegeniusinhisownright,intouchwiththegeniusofhisoriginalandenrichingtheliteratureandlanguageintowhichheistranslating.”NovalisHisoriginalnamewasGeorgPhilippFriedrichFreiherrvonHardenberg.Germanpoet,author,mystic,andphilosopherofEarlyGermanRomanticism(1772–1801)Novalis•thefirstonetosystemizetheemergingromantictheoryoftranslation•AnewtriadicdivisionoftranslationNovalisgrammaticaltranslations:translationsintheordinarysenseoftheword”transformativetranslationsauthenticbodyforththesublimestpoeticspirit”mythictranslationstranslationsinthenobleststyle,which“revealthepureandperfectcharacteroftheindividualworkofartSchlegelAugustWilhelmvonSchlegel(1767–1845)•Germanpoet,translatorandcritic•TranslatedShakespeareintoGerman;•TranslatedBhagavadGita(薄伽梵歌)fromSanskritintoGermanSchlegelAugustWilhelmvonSchlegel(1767–1845)“togetawayfromthenotionofliteralprecisionsocommonlyassociatedwithfidelity”truthmustbethetranslator’shighest,indeedvirtuallyhisonly,mandate.GoetheJohannWolfgangvonGoethe(1749–1832)•Germanwriter,poet,scientist,scholarandstatesmanGoetheIhonourmeterandrhyme,forthatiswhatmakespoetry,butthepartthatisreally,deeply,andbasicallyeffective,thepartthatistrulyformativeandbeneficial,isthepartofthepoetthatremainswhenheistranslatedintoprose.Thisresidueisthepure,completesubstance,whichadazzlingexternalformcansimulate,whenitislacking,orconceal,whenitispresent.FriedrichSchleiermacherFriedrichDanielErnstSchleiermacher(1768–1834)•Germantheologian,philosopher,andbiblicalscholar•founderofmodernHermeneutics•OnDifferentMethodsofTranslating“(1813)FriedrichSchleiermacher•generalizedtranslationtranslationexistseverywherewherewehavetointerpretadiscourseFriedrichSchleiermacher•restrictedtranslationtranslationbetweenlanguagesFriedrichSchleiermacher•translatorvs.interpreterInterpreting:businessmatters,oral;Translation:scienceandart,written.FriedrichSchleiermacher•theobjectivevs.thesubjectiveEverywheretheauthorappearsasthemereservantofanobjectivecontent,thereisinterpreting-oralorwrittenEverywherehetriestoexpresshimself,thereistranslation．FriedrichSchleiermacher•twomethodstodotranslationthetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardshim;orheleavesthereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardshim.FriedrichSchleiermacher•Schleiermacher’sstanceIfthetarget-languagereadersaretounderstand,theymustgraspthespiritofthelanguagenativetotheauthor,theymustbeabletogazeupontheauthor'sinimitablepatternsofthinkingandmeaning;FriedrichSchleiermacher•Schleiermacher’sstancebuttheonlytoolsthatthetranslatorcanoffertheminpursuitofthesegoalsaretheirownlanguage,whichnowherequitecorrespondstotheauthor’s,andhisownperson,hisowninconsistentlyclearunderstandingof,andvacillatingadmirationfor,theauthor.FriedrichWilhelmChristianKarlFerdinandvonHumboldt(1767–1835)W.vonHumboldt•Prussianphilosopher,linguist,governmentfunctionary,diplomat,founderoftheHumboldtUniversityofBerlin•the“MagnaCarta”（宪章）oftranslationtheoryinGermanyW.vonHumboldt•atranslatoristhedifficultyandeventheimpossibilityofestablishingequivalencebetweentwolanguages.•Untranslatability:nottotallyequivalentW.vonHumboldt•QuestioningfidelityThemorethetranslatorstrivestoforcethetextintoamathematicallycalculatedaccuracyinestablishingequivalence,themorehedivergesfromthisintendedfidelity.W.vonHumboldt•aimsandusesoftranslation1）tomakeknowntheoriginaltothosewholacktherelevantlinguisticknowledge;2）toacquireanin-depthknowledgeofthetext;3）toenterintothespiritoftheworkonceonehasmasteredthewordsofsame.•Translationinthe20thCenturyWalterBenjaminWalterBendixSchönfliesBenjamin(1892–1940)•GermanJewishphilosopher;culturalcritic•TheTaskoftheTranslatorWalterBenjaminWalterBendixSchönfliesBenjamin(1892–1940)Translationparticipatesinthe“afterlife”ofawork•ahistoryofreception•morethantransmitmessage,recreatethevalueWalterBenjaminWalterBendixSchönfliesBenjamin(1892–1940)thelinguisticdifferences→“purelanguage”purelanguage:asenseofhowthe“mutuallyexclusive”differencesamonglanguagescoexistwithcomplementaryintentionstocommunicateandtorefer,intentionsthatarederailedbythedifferences.WalterBenjaminWalterBendixSchönfliesBenjamin(1892–1940)•translationoffersaUtopianvisionoflinguistic“harmony”.•Transformationofcurrentstandardlanguage.•RudolfPannwitz:translatormustbroadenanddeepenhisownlanguagewiththeforeignone”.EzraPoundEzraWestonLoomisPound(1885–1972)•Americanpoetandcritic,translator•Imagism•TranslatingGuidoCavalcantiEzraPound•ArchaismintranslatingGuidoCavalcanti’spoetry:searchforastylisticequivalencepre-ElizabethanEnglishpoetrystylemedievalTuscan“WearepreservingonevalueofearlyItalianwork.”EzraPoundtheautonomyoftranslation(1)“interpretive”:linguisticpeculiaritiesdirecttheread