计算材料学第二章材料模拟的物理化学基础赵纪军三束实验室,物理学院&高科技研究院Email:zhaojj@dlut.edu.cn,电话:847097482-2.原子轨道与元素周期表计算材料学第二章古希腊自然哲学家恩培多克勒Empedocle(约492-432BC)在《论自然》残篇中,将物质划分为四大元素:水、火、土、气,由此为根化生万物。四大元素的结合与分离使事物处于永恒的运动和变化之中。但元素本身是不变的,不能产生,也不能消灭。爱使几种元素结合起来,形成事物;恨则使各种元素分离开来,使万物分解。恩培多克勒还把四元素论应用于医学,认为健康是因为体内四元素平衡,疾病则源于失衡。元素概念的提出人类对元素的认识历史人类对元素的认识历史人类对元素的认识历史门捷列夫与元素周期表D.I.Mendeleyev(1834~1907)1869年门捷列夫发表的第一张元素周期表•Bythelate1800’sitwasrealizedthatelementscouldbegroupedbysimilarchemicalpropertiesandthatthechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofelementsareperiodicfunctionsoftheiratomicnumbers–PERIODICLAW.•Thearrangementsoftheelementsinorderofincreasingatomicnumber,withelementshavingsimilarpropertiesplacedinaverticalcolumn,iscalledthePERIODICTABLE.元素周期表的提出与成功现代的元素周期表网上元素周期表:元素周期表的原因-电子的壳层排布ppnnee7Lienpn元素周期表的原因-电子的壳层排布量子数•PrincipalNumbern:,energylevel,distancefromorbital(1,2,3,4…),electronicshells:K,L,M,majordeterminingfactorforelectronenergy•Angularmomentumnumberl:orbitalshape,l=0,1,2,…,n–1.(s=0,p=1,d=2,f=3)•Magneticquantumnumberml:spatialorientationofangularmomentum(0fors;-1,0,+1forp;-2,-1,0,+1,+2ford,etc.)•Spinms:(+1/2or-1/2)原子轨道•Atomicorbitalsareregionsofspacewheretheprobabilityoffindinganelectronaboutanatomishighest.sorbitalsaresphericallysymmetrics轨道Thereisonesorbitalpernlevel.A=01valueofmA1sorbitalofhydrogenDistancefromnucleuss轨道电子几率密度分布的三维描述s轨道几率密度的径向分布函数1s,2s,and3sorbitalsforhydrogen•porbitalproperties:–Thefirstporbitalsappearinthen=2shell.•porbitalsarepeanutordumbbellshapedvolumes.•Thereare3porbitalspernlevel.–Thethreeorbitalsarenamedpx,py,pz.–A=1.–mA=-1,0,+1p轨道porbitalsarepeanutordumbbellshaped.p轨道porbitalsarepeanutordumbbellshaped.p轨道p轨道2p轨道几率密度的径向分布函数•dorbitalproperties:–Thefirstdorbitalsappearinthen=3shell.•Thefivedorbitalshavetwodifferentshapes:–4arecloverleafshaped.–1ispeanutshapedwithadoughnutaroundit.–TheorbitalsliedirectlyontheCartesianaxesorarerotated45ofromtheaxes.222zy-xxzyzxyd,d,d,d,dzThereare5dorbitalspernlevel.–Thefiveorbitalsarenamed–TheyhaveanA=2.–mA=-2,-1,0,+1,+25valuesofmAd轨道d轨道d轨道形状•forbitalproperties:–Thefirstforbitalsappearinthen=4shell.•Theforbitalshavecomplexshapes.•Therearesevenforbitalspernlevel.–Theforbitalshavecomplicatednames.–TheyhaveanA=3–mA=-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+37valuesf轨道f轨道f轨道形状氢原子波函数s,p,anddshellsofahydrogenatom氢原子波函数量子数与不相容原理Pauli不相容原理-Notwoelectronsinanatomcanhavethesamesetof4quantumnumbers.原子内电子的壳层排布电子壳层的能量排序3d4d5d6d电子壳层的能量排序Theorderis:1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s…..KnowconfigurationsuptoBa!同一轨道上的电子自旋分布pairedparallelspins电子排布规则•能量最低原理:整个体系的能量越低越好。一般来说,新填入的电子都是填在能量最低的空轨道上的。•Hund规则:电子尽可能的占据不同轨道,自旋方向相同。•Pauli不相容原理:在同一体系中,没有两个电子的四个量子数是完全相同的。•同一亚层中的各个轨道是简并的,所以电子一般都是先填满能量较低的亚层,再填能量稍高一点的亚层。各亚层之间有能级交错现象,且电子构型随环境变化-孤立原子与材料之间的电子构型可能不同。原子内电子的轨道分布原子内电子的轨道分布回到元素周期表Ge=1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2or[Ar]4s23d104p2or[Ar]3d104s24p21234567sdp34523456回到元素周期表62210522942283227222612252241232p2s1sNe2p2s1sF2p2s1sO2p2s1sN2p2s1sC2p2s1sB2s1sBe2s1sLiionConfigurat2p2s1s↑↓↑↓↑↓↓↑↑↓↑↑↓↑↓↓↑↑↓↑↑↑↓↓↑↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↑↓↑↑↓↑↑↓↑↓↑↑↓↓↑↑↓↑↑↓原子的电子构型[][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][]6218521742163215221412132121113ps3NeNeAr3ps3NeNeCl3ps3NeNeS3ps3NeNeP3ps3NeNeSi3ps3NeNeAls3NeNeMgs3NeNeNaionConfigurat3p3s↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↑↓↑↓↑原子的电子构型[][][][][][][][][][][][]orbitals.filledcompletelyandfilled-halfwithassociatedstabilityofmeasureextraanisThere3d4sArArCr3d4sArArV3d4sArArTi3d4sArArSc4sArArCa4sArArKionConfigurat4p4s3d5124322322221221220119↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↓↑↑↑↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↑↓↑原子的电子构型[][][][][][][][][][]Cr!likeexceptionAnother3d4sArArCu3d4sArArNi3d4sArArCo3d4sArArFe3d4sArArMnionConfigurat4p4s3d101298228722762265225↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↑↑原子的电子构型[][][][][][][][][][][][]102301012982287227622652253d4sArArZn3d4sArArCu3d4sArArNi3d4sArArCo3d4sArArFe3d4sArArMnionConfigurat4p4s3d↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↑↑原子的电子构型[][][][][][][][][][][][]6102365102354102343102332102321102314p3d4sArArKr4p3d4sArArBr4p3d4sArArSe4p3d4sArArAs4p3d4sArArGe4p3d4sArArGaionConfigurat4p4s3d↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓原子的电子构型ChemicalpropertiesÆValenceelectrons232425122611s2s2pConfigurationLi1sBe1sB1s2s2s2s2pC↑↑↓↑↓↑↑↓↑↓↑↓↑222223272842s2p1sN1sO2s2p1s2s2p↓↑↓↑↑↑↓↑↑↑↑↓↑↓↓↑↑↓↑↑决定材料结构和物性的内在因素MetalornonmetalRelativeatomicsizeElectronegativitydifferencePeriodicityBondTypePropertiesStructuresI.Columns(Groups)–PrincipalnumberincreasesÆorbitalslocatedfurtherfromnucleus“averagedistancefromnucleus”II.Rows(periods)–PositivenuclearchargeincreasesÆgreaterattractiveforceonvalenceelectrons“effectivenuclearcharge”元素周期律元素周期律-金属、类金属、非金属元素周期律-原子半径元素周期律-电离能元素周期律-电离能元素周期律-电子亲和能ElectronAffinitiesofSomeElements-400-350-300-250-200-150-100-5001234567891011121314151617181920AtomicNumberElectronAffinity(kJ/mol)元素周期律-电子亲和能Largenegativenumbersarefavorable!电负性(Electronegativity)•Electronegativitymeasuresthetendencyofoneatomtoattractelectronsfromanotheratomtowhichitisbonded.–increasefrombottomtotopofperiodictable–increasetoamaximumtowardsthetopright.元素周期律-电负性元素周期律-总结MetallicitySizeMassElectro