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一CantheComputerLearnfromExperience计算机会总结经验吗Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputer’sprogressintheabilitytolearnfromexperience.Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten(andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata.Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogramm,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblemswhichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.Notescheck:agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayers,eachusing12piecesecology:therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment生态关系，生态学ReadingcomprehensionThepurposeofcreatingchess-playingcomputersis__________AtowintheworldchesschampionBtopavethewayforfurtherintelligentcomputersCtoworkoutstrategiesforinternationalwarsDtofindanaccurateyardstickformeasuringcomputerprogress2Today,achess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedto________AgivetrillionsofreponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemoveandwinthegameBfunctionwithcompletedataandbeatthebestplayersClearnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegameDevaluateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtime3Foracomputerto“think”,itisnecessaryto________AmangetoprocessasmuchdataaspossibleinasecondBprogramitsothatitcanlearnfromitsexperiencesCprepareitforchess-playingfirstDenableittodealwithunstructuredsituations4Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheDefenseDepartmentis____AcriticalBunconcernedCpositiveDnegative5Intheauthor’sopinion,______AwinningachessgameisanunimportanteventBserioushumanproblemsshouldn’tberegardedasplayingagameCecologicalproblemsaremoreurgenttobesolvedDthereishopeformoreintelligentcomputers1b2c3b4c5d二YouCallThisaGoodEconomy这能称之为上佳经验Youhavetohavelivedinthe1950sand1960stohaveexperiencedagoodeconomy.Intheperiodbetween1950and1970itwastherule—ratherthantheexception—thatanordinaryfamily,withouthighereducation,couldsustainitselfdecentlyontheincomeofasinglebreadwinner（养家糊口的人）.In1955,whenIwas19andlivinginBrooklyn,N.Y.,myfather,whohadasixth-gradeeducation,maintainedourfamilyoffiveonawageof$82aweekasabookbinder.Mymothertaughtusfairnessandcompassion;myfather,disciplineandenterprise.TheU.S.economyinthoseyearswasgood.Thenwheredidthisgoodeconomygo?Itwasinflatedaway.Thepriceofgold,whichItakeasproxyforthepricesofallgoods,was$35anounceinthoseyears.Itisatroughlytentimesthatpricetoday.Thereisanotheranswer,though:inflationcausedtheentireworkforcetobemovedintohighertaxgroups,thusreducingafter-taxpurchasingpower.Thatis,myfather’sbinderyjobin1954paid$82aweek,with$80afterdeductions;today,at$820perweekthenetwouldbe$662.Toordinarypeople,theeconomydoesn’tlookverygoodatall.After-taxincomescontinuetodecreaseinpurchasingpower.Thejobsofferedintheemploymentadspayonlyalittlemorethantheminimumwage,maybe$5anhour,which,afterpayrolldeductions,yields$4anhour.Comparethatwithminimum-wagejobsoftheearly1950s,when75centswasworthtoday’s$7.50beforeandaftertaxes.Notes1Brooklyn:adistrictofNewYorkcity2inflate:通货膨胀3proxy:theauthoritytoactforanother4payroll:alistofemployeesandthewagesduetoeachReadingComprehensionIntheauthor’sopinion,agoodeconomy,toordinarypeoplecanbeexpressedintermsof______theamountofwageafter-taxincometheactualpurchasingpowertheminimumwageperhourIntheperiodbetween1950and1970,_______therewasnotmuchdifferenceinthelivingstandardsbetweenpeopleofhigherandlowereducationanordinaryfamilyoffivewithoutexceptioncouldliveononepersonincometheincomeofanordinaryfamilywasmorethanenoughforbuyingfoodforanaveragefamilytheincomewassufficienttosupportallthemembersTodayabookbinder’swageistentimesthatofthe1950’sbutitsincometaxratehasincreased______a.50timesb.60timesc.70timesd.80times4Theworsening