中考英语阅读词义猜测讲解教案

第1页共10页中考英语阅读词义猜测讲解教案一、考点分析猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。二、考察形式猜测词义的能力属于英语的基本能力之一。具体到考试题型上，在单项选择、完型填空、首字母填空、阅读理解等题型上都会有体现，尤其是阅读类题目，对陌生单词意思的猜测和对熟词生义的理解都是会直接影响到对文章的理解。阅读理解题型往往会以如下形式进行考察。1.Whatdoestheword“…”referto?2.Theunderlinedword“…”istheclosestinmeaningto______.3.Bysayingthat“…”,theauthormeansthat___.看到这样的题目，就知道，若是不能理解所指单词意思，那就是失分喽！三、猜词方法大突破前面一开始我们猜测了几个单词的意思，现在我们在有上下文语境的情况下，你猜的对不对。Onthewaytothefactory,Jacksangapopsonghappily.Becauseitisthefirstdayforhimtowork，Whenhewasworking,hetalkedwithhiscomrade.Suddenly,themachinebrokedownbecauseofhiscarelessness.Jackwasafraidoftheblameofhisboss.Hiscomradetoldhim,“Takeiteasy,youareagreenhand.”Doyoulikealadybird?Itisnotakindofbird.Itisainsect（昆虫）.Itcanfly.Itswingsarered.Itisverysmall.第2页共10页Tomisagreatman.Tomistreatedasabigpotato.Timdranktoomuchwaterlastnight,sohewenttovisitjohntwice.【讲解】一个完全陌生的单词，或者一个熟悉的单词怎么都看不出啥意思？为什么？缺乏上下文的语境,一个单词，尤其是在文章中出现的单词，其前后句子或单词在意义上和语法上都会与其相联系。如上面几句，第一句，第二句，第三句都是相当于对单词的解释，第四句就是因果关系，根据我们的日常生活逻辑，喝水多了，自然就要上厕所。所以这些就是帮助我们判断词义的重要线索。下面我们来看看，英语的句子，在语法关系上，在句型结构上，有没有帮助我们的技巧。1、定义释义法：通过定义,定语从句,词组,同位语从句来体现.其表现形式为:用thatis,inotherwords,or,mean,becalled,referto,或连系动词tobe等定义或重述形式来解释生词.如:1）Sociologyisthetermusedtodescribethescientificstudyofhumansociety.2）Janeisindecisive,thatis,shecan’tmakeuphermind.3）Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.4）Acalendarisalistofthedays,weeks,monthsofaparticularyear.2、对比法：句中多半有unlike,but,although,yet,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,insteadof,ratherthan等信息词.另外,分号也可以表示转折,对比的意义.1）AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmanIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.2).Hervoicewasusuallysoftandsweet,butnowitwashoarse,(沙哑的)3).ThoughTom'sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.(肮脏的).【讲解】在含有though,but等含有转折词的句子中,主从句某些词构成对比关系.即可看出softandsweet和hoarse及clean和grubby意义相对.4).Ifyouagree,writeyes;ifyoudissent,writeno.【讲解】根据对比关系的yes和no,不难看出agree和dissent是反义词.第3页共10页5).Hehasbeeninofficeforonlyafewmonths.However，hehasachievedmorethananyofhispredecessors.(前任者)【讲解】用however来提示下文要表达意想不到的结果.3、因果法：文章借助关联词because,as,since,for,so,thus,astheresult,therefore等表示前因后果.有时利用动词leadto,cause,resultin,resultfrom,bringabout等表达因果关系.1）Theflowersinthevasewitheredbecausetheyhadnowater.2）Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.3）Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow.4.根据同等关系猜词：在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴和词语来表达其思想。如果有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词语的一段特征和语义范围推断出生词的词义范围。如：1).Butthecaptain'scourage,perseverance,andpowerfulwillmasteredeverymanonboard,andwewenttoworkagain.(意志)这一段文字中，反映的是船长的积极进取的精神面貌，是船长的勇气、毅力和意志征服大家，才使他们又重新投入排水战斗。2).IntheancientcityofRome,wevisitedeverymansion,church,battlesite,theatreandpublichalls.(建筑物)从这一连串词不难看出mansion的词义.5.根据生活经验和常识：1）Inolddays,whengirlsfromrichfamiliesweremarriedtotheirhusbands,theyexpectedtobringwiththemselvesalargequantityofdowry.嫁妆2)Idon'thaveanyfamily,saidtheboy,Iamanorphan.孤儿3)Soonthewindhadpiledsnowintodrifts.雪堆【讲解】其实很多生词或熟词僻义都可以根据经验和常识来推测出来，尤其是英英字典，全都是用语言来解释单词，反过来也可以根据句子来猜测词义，让学生养成动脑子的好习惯。第4页共10页6、根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等，如下列举一些常见的词缀。1.adj.+ly=adv.Cheap—cheaplycruel—cruellyfirm—firmlystrange—strangely2.en+adj.=v.sure—ensureable—enable1.n.+en=v.fright—frightenheight—heightenstrength—strengthen2.adj+ize=v.familiar—familiarize使通俗modern—modernize现代化real—realizespecial—specialize以...为专业5.n.+y=adj.mud—muddyrain—rainyshadow—shadowy阴暗的storm—stormywind—windy6.adj+en=v.使具有；使成为black—blackenbright—brightensharp—sharpenweak—weaken7.n.+some=adj.quarrel—quarrelsometrouble—troublesometire—tiresomeworry—worrisome8.n.+y=adj.Air—airyanger—angryhill—hillyluck—lucky9.n.+ly=adj.Love—lovelyhour—hourlyquarter—quarterlyyear—yearly第5页共10页10.n.+ous=adj.充满...的danger—dangerouscourage—courageousfame—famous11.n.+al=adj.center—centraleducation—educationalindustry—industrial12.v.+al=n.arrive—arrivalrefuse—refusaldismiss—dismissalremove—removal练习一、单项选择练习1.Heisusuallypromptforallherclasses，butshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.A.lateB.ontimeC.Pleased2.Tomsawanowllastnightbutitflewawaywhenhegotnear．A.abirdB.ananimalC.thesun3.Theboywantstorideabrownpony.A.dogB.catC.Horse4.Thechildrenarelookingatalarge,hairy(毛的)apeatthezoo．A.akindofmonkeyB.akindofsnakeC.akindofbird5.Thefreshtroutisverycheap,butIdon’tknowhowtocookit．A.fishB.fruitC.Apple6.Theladyaskedthewaitresstogetheracleansaucertoputhercoffeecupon．A.aglassB.acakeC.asmallplate7.Weseldomseeasparrowintheskybecausetheairisnotsocleannowasusedtobe．第6页共10页A.akindofdogB.akindofplaneC.akindofbird答案：ABCAACC二、综合语境练习1、Fastfoodisakindoffoodthatisquickandconvenient.Youcanbuyfastfoodanywhere.Fastfoodisusuallynotveryexpensive.Thatisbecauseitisusuallymadewithcheaperingredients,suchashigh-fatmeatandsugar,butnohealthyingredients,suchasfreshfruitandvegetables.Eatingfastfoodonceinawhileisnotgoingtocauseaproblem.Ifyoueattoomuchfastfoodoveralongtime,however,itcanbring