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完形填空（一）Chemistrydidnotemergeasascienceuntilafterthescientificrevolutionintheseventeenthcenturyandthenonlyratherslowlyandlaboriously.Butchemicalknowledgeisas___16___ashistory,beingalmostentirelyconcernedwiththepracticalartsofliving.Cookingisessentiallyachemicalprocess;soisthe___17___ofmetalsandtheadministrationofdrugsandpoisons.Thisbasicchemicalknowledge,whichwasappliedinmostcasesasaruleofthumb,wasneverthelessdependentonthe___18___experiment.Italso___19___tostimulateafundamentalcuriosityabouttheprocessesthemselves.Newinformationwasalwaysbeing___20___asartisansimprovedtechniquestogainbetterresults.Thedevelopmentofascientificapproachtochemistrywas,___21___,hamperedbyseveralfactors.Themostseriousproblemwasthevastrangeofmaterialavailableandtheconsequentdifficultyoforganizingitintosomesystem.___22___,thereweresocialandintellectual___23___.Chemistryisnothingifnotpractical;thosewhopracticeitmustusetheirhandsandtheymusthaveacertainpracticalflair.Yetinmany___24___civilizations,___25___taskswereprimarilytheprovinceofaslavepopulation.Thethinkerorphilosopherstoodapartfromthismundaneworld,wherethepracticalartsappearedto___26___intellectualcontentorinterest.Thefinalproblemforearlychemicalsciencewastheelementof___27___.Expertsinspecific___28___haddevelopedtheirowntechniquesandguardedtheirknowledgetopreventothersfromstealingtheirlivelihood.Anotherfactorthatalso___29___tosecrecywastheesoteric___30___oftheknowledgeofalchemists,who___31___totransformmetalsintogoldorwere___32___withthehuntfortheelixirthatwouldbestowtheblessingofeternallife.Inonesense,thesecondofthesewasthemoreseriousimpediment___33___therecordsofthechemicalprocessesthatearlyalchemistshad___34___wereoftenwrittendowninsymboliclanguageintelligibletoveryfeworinsymbolsthatwere___35___obscure.16.A.oldB.interestingC.instructiveD.mysterious17.A.purchasingB.meltingC.sellingD.storing18.A.seccessfulB.laterC.previousD.valid19.A.servedB.intendedC.requestedD.decided20.A.analyzedB.leakedC.gainedD.input21.A.thereforeB.howeverC.insteadD.furthermore22.A.CertainlyB.ConsequentlyC.OtherwiseD.Additionally23.A.difficultiesB.advantagesC.standardsD.adjustments24.A.modernB.ancientC.religiousD.short-lived25.A.theoreticalB.demandingC.pleasantD.practical26.A.revealB.lackC.includeD.reduce27.A.secrecyB.freedomC.developmentD.popularity28.A.statesB.communitiesC.citiesD.trades29.A.objectedB.stuckC.contributedD.belonged30.A.natureB.structureC.explanationD.usage31.A.pretendedB.happenedC.triedD.pleaded32.A.boredB.satisfiedC.pleasedD.concerned33.A.thoughB.becauseC.untilD.unless34.A.hatedB.ignoredC.discussedD.discovered35.A.purposelyB.accidentallyC.hardlyD.occasionally完形填空（三）：16.A。考查形容词辨析。old古老的，interesting有趣的，instructive有益的、教育性的，mysterious神秘的。前面提到化学作为一门比较科学形成时间晚，是一门“年轻”的科学，由转折连词but可知，此处表达的意思为：化学知识却象人类历史一样古老。17.B。考查动词辨析。purchasing购买、采购，melting融化，selling贩卖，storing贮藏、储存。18.C。考查形容词辨析。seccessful成功的，later后来的、以后的，previous原先的、先前的，valid符合逻辑的、有效的。previousexperiment（原先的实验）亦与aruleofthumb（经验工作法）有对应关系。19.A。考查动词辨析。本句意为：它同时也起到这一作用——激发人们对化学本身的兴趣。served产生……的效果，intended打算，requested要求，decided决定。20.C。考查动词辨析。本句意为：匠人们改良工艺以求得到更好结果的同时，他们也在获得新的信息。analyzed分析，leaked泄漏、走漏，gained获得、得到，input输入。21.B。考查副词辨析。上文提到了人们增加了对化学的了解，此处讲的是化学科学方法的发展却受到一些因素的阻碍，二者是转折关系。22.D。考查副词辨析。关于化学科学方法的发展的阻碍因素，上文讲到的是讲物质系统化的困难，接下来讲的是社会和知识方面的困难。additionally表示联加关系，意为“此外”，符合题意。23.A。考查名词辨析。difficulties困难，advantages优势，standards标准，adjustments调整。此处的difficulties属于原词复现。24.B。考查形容词辨析。本句意为：但在许多古代文明中，动手的活都是奴隶的行当。modern现代的，ancient古代的、古老的，religious宗教的，short-lived短暂的。25.D。考查形容词辨析。theoretical理论上的，demanding要求高的、费力的，pleasant令人愉快的、舒适的，practical实际的、实践性的。此处的practical属于原词复现。26.B。考查动词辨析。本句意为：思想家与哲学家与此劳碌决不沾边，因为在他们看来，实际操作技能看起来缺少智力含量和趣味。reveal显示、揭示，lack缺乏、缺少，include包含，reduce降低、减少。27.A。考查名词辨析。secrecy保密性、保密，freedom自由，development发展，popularity普及、流行。由下文的“guardedtheirknowledge”可知，“保密”妨碍早期化学的发展。28.D。考查名词辨析。本句意为：某个行家一旦发现了新技术，就竭力保密以防被人偷了饭碗。states州、国家，communities社区，cities城市，trades行业，行当。29.C。考查动词辨析。objectedto反对，stuckto坚持，contributedto有助于……，促成，belongedto属于。30.A。考查名词辨析。本句意为：另一个原因加剧了知识封锁这是因为炼金术士知识的难懂性。nature本质、基本性质，structure结构，explanation解释，usage用法。31.C.考查动词辨析。pretended假装，happened碰巧，tried试图，pleaded恳求。32.D。考查形容词辨析。本句意为：这些术士们要么想把金属变成黄金，要么对找到一种长生不老药感兴趣。bored感到厌烦的，satisfied满意的，pleased高兴的，concerned关切的、感兴趣的。33.B。考查连词辨析。引导原因状语从句。34.D。考查动词辨析。hated讨厌，ignored忽视，discussed讨论，discovered发现。35.A。考查副词辨析。本句意为：从某种意义上说，这第二个因素带来了更严重的阻碍，因为早期术士们发现的化学过程（即研究成果）记载于鲜为人知的或故意让人不懂的符号中。purposely有意地，accidentally偶然地，hardly几乎不，occasionally不定期地、间或地。完形填空（二）Accordingtothebestevidencegatheredbyspaceprobesandastronomers,Marsisaninhospitableplanet,moresimilartoEarth’sMoonthantoEarthitself—adry,stark,seeminglylifelessworld.Mars’airpressureis___16___toEarth’satanaltitudeof100,000feet.Theairthereis95%carbondioxide.MarshasnoozonelayertoscreenouttheSun’slethalradiation.Daytimetemperaturesmayreachabovefreezing,but___17___theplanetisblanketedbythemerewispofanatmosphere,theheatradiatesbackinto___18___.Todaythereisnoliquidwater,althoughvalleysandchannelsonthesurface___19___evidenceofhavingbeencarvedbyrunningwater.Thepolaricecapsaremadeof___20__