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大学英语四级分类模拟题373ReadingComprehensionSectionADomesticlaws,notaglobaltreaty,arethewaytofightglobalwarming.Governmentsliketocite1constraints(限制)—suchasmeetingtheconditionsforaninternationaldifficulty—whenpushingthroughunpopularpolicies.Butwithmeasuresto2withclimatechange,theoppositeprevails.Eachroundofintergovernmentaltalksoncutting3andcompensatingvictimsseemstoachievelessthantheonebefore.Meanwhile,accordingtoanewstudythenumberofnewdomesticenvironmentlawsrosequickly.Andtheoveralltrendisastrongincreaseinlegalactivism.LastyearMexicopassedanimportantlawtoguideallitsclimate-change4.Somepeopledefinewhatcountsasaclimatelawishardwhensomuch5theenvironment.Thenumberoflawsaloneisnotthe6measure:somearecomprehensiveandothersspecific.Rulessetbyotherlayersofgovernmentmay7morethanthenationalkind.Andjustbecausealawpassesdoesnotmeanitwilldoanygood.YetSamFankhauseroftheLondonSchoolofEconomicssaystheriseinnationallegislationhelpsstoptheskeptics'claimthatitisself-defeatingforacountrytoactaloneonclimatechange.Healsopointsoutthatmanybigcountriesstillhaveawaytogo.Thestudy8theweaklinkbetweenglobalactionanddomesticchange.Holdingabigclimateconference9aseriesoflawsacoupleofyearslater.Butbyand10votersappearmorewillingtoacceptdomesticenvironmentallawsthaninternationalones.A.affectsF.externalK.matterB.crucialG.internalL.policiesC.dealH.largeM.promoteD.effectsI.lessN.promptsE.emissionsJ.literallyO.revealsSectionBWhyTeenagersReallyDoNeedanExtraHourinBed?A.Makingteensstartschoolinthemorningis'cruel',abraindoctorclaimed.SodeclaredaBritishnewspaperheadlinein2007afteratalkIgaveatanacademicconference.Onedisbelievingreaderresponded:Thismansoundsbrain-dead.B.ThatwasatypicalreactiontoworkIwasreportingatthetimeonteenagesleeppatternsandtheireffectonperformanceatschool.Sixyearsonthereisgrowingacceptancethatthestructureoftheacademicdayneedstotakeaccountofadolescentsleeppatterns.ThelatestschooltoadoptalaterstarttimeistheUCLAcademyinLondon;othersareconsideringfollowingsuit.C.Sowhatarethefactsaboutteenagesleep,andhowshouldsocietyadjusttotheseneeds?Thebiologyofhumansleeptiming,likethatofothermammals,changesasweage.Thishasbeenshowninmanystudies.Asadolescencebegins,bedtimesandwakingtimesgetlater.Thistrendcontinuesuntil19.5yearsinwomenand21inmen.Thenitreverses.At55wewakeataboutthetimewewokepriortoadolescence.Onaveragethisistwohoursearlierthanadolescents.Thismeansthatforateenager,a7a.m.alarmcallistheequivalentofa5a.m.startforapersonintheir50s.D.Preciselywhythisissoisunclearbuttheshiftsrelatedwithchangesinhormones(荷尔蒙)atadolescenceandthedeclineinthosehormonesasweage.However,biologyisonlypartoftheproblem.Additionalfactorsincludeamorerelaxedattitudetobedtimesbyparents,ageneraldisregardfortheimportanceofsleep,andaccesstoTVs,DVDs,PCs,gamingdevices,cellphonesandsoon,allofwhichpromotealertnessandeatintotimeavailableforsleep.E.Theamountofsleepteenagersgetvariesbetweencountries,geographicregionandsocialclass,butallstudiesshowtheyaregoingtobedlaterandnotgettingasmuchsleepastheyneedbecauseofearlyschoolstarts.F.MaryCarskadonatBrownUniversityinProvidence,RhodeIsland,whoisapioneerintheareaofadolescentsleep,hasshownthatteenagersneedabout9hoursanighttomaintainfullalertnessandacademicperformance.MyownrecentobservationsataUKschoolinLiverpoolsuggestedmanyweregettingjust5hoursonaschoolnight.Unsurprisingly,teachersreportedstudentsdozinginclass.G.Evidencethatsleepisimportantisoverwhelming.Elegantresearchhasdemonstrateditscriticalroleinmemoryimprovementandourabilitytogeneratewisesolutionstocomplexproblems.Sleepdisruptionmayincreasethelevelofthestress.Excitedbehaviors,lackofempathy,senseofhumorandmoodaresimilarlyaffected.Allinall,atiredadolescentisamoody,insensitive,angryandstressedone.Perhapslessobviously,sleeplossisassociatedwithmetabolic(新陈代谢的)changes.Long-termlackofsleepmightbeanimportantfactorfornegativeconditionssuchasdiabetes(糖尿病),overweightandhighbloodpressure.H.Adolescentsareincreasinglyusingstimulantstocompensateforsleeploss,andcaffeinated(含咖啡因的)and/orsugarydrinksaretheusualchoice.Soacaffeinateddrinklateinthedaydelayssleepatnight.Tirednessalsoincreasesthelikelihoodoftakingupsmoking.I.IntheUS,theobservationthatteenagershavebiologicallydelayedsleeppatternscomparedtoadultspromptedseveralschoolstoputbackthestartoftheschoolday.AnanalysisoftheimpactbyKylaWahlstromattheUniversityofMinnesotafoundthatacademicperformancewasenhanced,aswasattendance.Sleepinginclassdeclined,asdidself-reporteddepression.IntheUK,MonkseatonHighSchoolnearNewcastleinstituteda10amstartin2009andsawaprogressinacademicperformance.J.However,alaterstartbyitselfisnotenough.Societyingeneral,andteenagersinparticular,muststarttotakesleepseriously.Sleepisnotaluxurybutafundamentalbiologicalneed,enhancingcreativity,productivity,moodandtheabilitytointeractwithothers.K.Ifyouaredependentuponanalarmclock,oryourparents,togetyououtofbed;ifyoutakealongtimetowakeup;ifyoufeelsleepyandimpatientduringtheday;ifyourbehaviorisoverlyimpulsive,itmeansyouareprobablynotgettingenoughsleep.Takecontrol.Ensurethebedroomisaplacethatpromotessleep—