名词与主谓一致

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名词与主谓一致名词可数名词与不可数名词•可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词,都有其单数和复数形式,且单数变复数有规律和不规则两种构成形式规则变化1.大多数名词直接在名词后加-s构成。•例如cups,days,glasses等2.以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词后加-esClass-classesBox-boxesMatch-matchesBrush-brushes3.以辅音字母y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加-es•City-cities•Country-countries但以元音字母y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,直接在词尾加-sKey-keysToy-toys,Germany-Germanys,Henry-henrys4.以-f或-fe结尾的名词,一般把f或fe变为v,再加-es。•Knife-knivesLeaf-leaves•Shelf-shelvesLife-lives•Thief-thievesLoaf-loaves按:顺口溜中的红体字是中学阶段学过的九个以—f(e)结尾的名词:wife(妻子),knife(小刀),wolf(狼),thief(小偷),shelf(架子),self(自己),life(生命),half(一半),leaf(树叶)。这九个词变复数时,都是改-f(e)为ve再加-s。由self构成的复合词,其变化与self相同(如myself→ourselves;yourself→yourselves;himself,herselfitself→themselves)。妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去砍狼(wolf),小偷(thief)吓得发了慌;躲在架后(shelf)保己命(myself),半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。•但以下以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s•Safe-safesProof-proofs•Belief-beliefsserf-serfs以f结尾的名词变为复数时大都变f为ves,但有几个直接加-s变为复数,我们就可用这个句子帮助进行集中。一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)捡了珊瑚礁(reef),来到房顶(roof)上,找到首长(chief),有了证据(proof),增加了信仰(belief),加上-s成对成双。•直接加-s或把f或fe变v,再加es都行•Scarf-scarfs或scarves围巾•Handkerchief-handkerchiefs或handkerchieves手帕•turngreeninspring•A.leaf•B.leafs•C.leave•D.leaves5.以辅音字母o结尾的名词,其复数多加-es构成•Hero-heroes•Tomato-tomatoes•Potato-potatoes•Negro-negroes•以辅音字母o结尾的名词,以及你某些以o结尾的外来词,变为复数时只加-s。Radio-radiosPhoto-photosPiano-pianosViedo-viedosStudio-studiosZero-zerosZoo-zoosBamboo-bamboos6.以th结尾的名词,直接在词后加s•Mouths•Paths•Youths•Truths不规则变化1.改变单数名词中的元音字母•Foot-•Man-•Tooth-•Mouse-•Goose-•woman-2.在词尾加en或其他•Ox-•Child-•Crisis-•Medium-media•Phenomenon-Phenomena3.单复数形式相同•Sheep-Deer-•fish-Means-•Works-Aircraft-•Series-Species-此外还包括由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词,如YuanJiaoJinmu只有复数形式•ClothesTrousers•GlassesGoods•ThanksShorts•Ashescompasses以上名词表示数量时,需要加上相应的单位名词ApairofglassesAsuitofclothes5.表示某国人的单复数变化A.单复数同形,这类词包括所有以-ese或-ss结尾的民族名称。ChineseJapaneseSwissportugueseB.词尾加-sGerman-Russian-Roman-American-Pole-C.把man变为menFrenchman-Englishman-6.复合名词的复数变化A.有两个名词构成的复合词,在第二个名词后加-sStore-keepers售货员Boy-friendsTooth-brushesGrown-ups成年人Girl-friendsB.以可数名词+介词(短语)构成的复合名词,在名词部分加-sSisters-in-lawPassers-byPrisoners-of-war但grown-ups和breakdowns是例外C.以man或woman为前缀的复合名词变为复数形式的时候,前后两部分都要变Womansinger-womensingersMancook-mencooks7.有些名词的复试形式表示特别的意义•Customs海关Letters文学•Forces军队Spirits酒精,情绪•Times时代Drinks饮料•Greens青菜Looks外表•Papers报纸文件Manners礼貌•Irons脚镣手铐不可数名词•不可数名词包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词,一般只有单数形式,没有复数形式。•HealthBread•AdviceGlass•AmericaFatherwenttohisdoctorforabouthishearttroubleA.AnadviceB.AdviceC.AdvicesD.Theadvices以下名词常用作名词,注意:不要使用复数或者在前面加a或an,其谓语动词用单数形式。AdvicefurnitureclothingfunrubbishinformationpapersugarworkfruitharmnewsprogresstraffictroubleweatherwaterricesnowknowledgeiceluckhonestygrasshouseworkglasscoffeedustbehaviorbreadButterairbaggagewealthhomework倾倾百老汇•不可数名词不能直接用冠词或数词修饰,而应该与某些特定的单位名词连用,来表示“量”的概念Apieceofnews/advice/meat/paper/information/chalk/bread/music/furniture/work一则,个,片,张,条,支…Abottleofink/milk/wineAsheetofpaper/clothAcupof/aglassof/aheadof(一头)主谓一致•在英语中,主谓一致指的是句子中的谓语动词在人称和数上必须保持一致1.语法一致原则•句子的主语是单数形式,谓语动词要用单数形式,主语是复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式•Thenumberofmistakesaresurprising.•Tobepoliteisagoodmanner.•Theconstructionofthetwonewrailwaylinesbynow.•A.hasbeencompleted•B.havebeencompleted•C.hascompleted•D.havecompleted意义一致原则•即谓语动词该用单数形式,还是复数形式,取决于主语所表达的内容在含以上是单数还是复数意义•TheChineseareindustrious•中国人是勤劳的•TheUSAisadevelopedcountry•美国是个发达国家•像news,works,politics,physics等词,虽然形式上是以-s结尾,但表示的意义是单数,故谓语动词用单数形式。相反,crowd,people,police,cattle等词形式上是单数形式,但表示复数意义,股谓语动词用复数Thisworkswerebuiltin2000MathsismyfavoritesubjectsThecrowdwererunningfortheirlives•Everypossiblemeanstopreventtheairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear•Aisused•Bareused•Chasbeenused•Dhavebeenused临近原则•谓语动词该用单数还是复数,取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的数•另外,or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接两个名词或代词作主语的时候,或由there,here引导的句子,并且主语不止一个时,谓语动词通常与他邻近的主语保持一致•Thereisabookandthreepensonthedesk。•Eitherherfatherorhermothercallsforhereveryafternoon。需要注意的一些特殊情况①由and连接的复合名词作主语时,如表示复数概念,相应的谓语动词要用复数形式Themathsteacherandtheheadmasterhaveattendedthemeeting②有时and连接两个名词指同一个人,同一件事情或者同一个概念,这时and后的名词前没有冠词,其谓语动词用单数形式。ThewriterandtheteacherarecomingThewriterandteacheriscomingApoetandartistcomingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpaintingtomorrowafternoon•AisBare•CwasDwere•常见的由and连接两个名词指一个概念的形式•Theneedleandthread针线•Saltandwater盐水•Theforkandknife刀叉•Soapandwater肥皂水•Ironandsteel钢铁•Breadandbutter奶油面包③如果and后面加not,谓语动词也用单数Myfriend,andnothers,ischosentojointhearmy④由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every修饰时,其谓语动词用单数Eachactorandeachactresswasinvited⑤主语后面跟有with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,asmuchas,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的短语,谓语动词的单复数按主语的单复数而定。Thedriver,ratherthanhisfriends,isresponsibleforthetrafficaccident•Professorsmith,alongwithhisassistantsontheprojectdayandnighttomeetthedeadline•Awork•Bworking•Cisworking•Dareworking⑥Either,neither,each,every或no+单数可数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,如something,everybody,anyone等作主语,都作单数看待。EachofushasanewpenEverythingaroundusismatter⑦在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词做主语时,其谓语动词可用单数或复数。Neitherofthebooksis/areinteresting⑧以few,afew,many,both,bothof等词或词组修饰复数可数名词时,句子中的谓语动词用复数;Alittle,much,agreatdealof,Alargeamount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