ConceptsofLandEconomicsRaleighBarlowe.Landresourceeconomics,1986Likemostfields,landeconomicshasseveralspecializedconceptsandtermsthatmustbeunderstoodiftheyaretobeusefulastoolsofanalysis.Thesetermsareintroducedandexplainedinthechaptersthatfollow.Atthispoint,emphasisisgiventofourbasicideas:(1)theeconomicconceptoflandandlandresources,(2)aclassificationoflandusesbytype,(3)theconceptoflanduse-capacity,and(4)theconceptofhighestandbestuse.与大多数研究领域一样,土地经济学也有若干专门概念和术语作为分析工具,必须弄懂它们是否有用。这些概念大多在以后各个章节里将作介绍和解释。在这里,只重点讲四个基本的土地经济概念:(1)土地和土地资源的经济学概念,(2)土地利用分类,(3)土地利用能力的概念,(4)最高层次或最佳土地用途概念。Economicconceptofland土地的经济学概念Thetermlandsuggestsdifferentthingstodifferentpeople,dependingontheiroutlookandtheirinterestsatthemoment.[1]Initsmostwidelyaccepteduse,thistermreferstothesolidportionoftheearth’ssurface.Butitmayalsoapplytoanation,apeople,orapoliticaldivisionoftheearth’ssurface.Peopleoftenrefertoground,soil,orearthaslandandspeakoflandassomethingonwhichtheycanwalk,buildahouse,plantagarden,orgrowacrop.Thesecommonlyaccepteddefinitionsoflandshouldnotbeconfusedwiththemoretechnicalconceptsusebylawyersandeconomists.[2]土地这一术语对不同的人有不同的含义,这取决于人们在当时所持的观点和利益取向。就广义而言,这一术语是指地球表面的固态部分,但也可以指地球上的某个国家,民族或政治区域。人们往往把地面、土壤或泥土视为土地,或者把土地说成是人们可以在上面行走、建房开辟花园或者种植庄稼的东西。这些为人们普遍接受的土地概念,不要同律师和经济学家所使用的专门术语相混淆。Fromalegalstandpoint,landorrealestatemaybeconsideredasanyportionoftheearth’ssurfaceoverwhichownershiprightsmightbeexercised.Theserightsrelatenotjusttosurfaceareabutalsotothingssuchastrees,whichareattachedtothesurfacebynature;tobuildingsandotherimprovementsattachedbyman;andtothoseobjectsofvaluethatlieeitheraboveorbelowthesurface.从法律角度看,土地或不动产可以视为可以行使所有权的地球表面任何部分。这些权利不仅同地球表层面积有关,而且同树木等自然地附着于土地上的东西,同房屋和其他设施等人为着附于土地上的东西以及同那些地上或地下等有价值的东西有关。Becauseoftheirconcernoverdistinctionsbetweenlandandcapital,economistsoftendifferintheiropinionsregardingthenaturalofland.Manyeconomistsacceptbroaddefinitionssimilartothoseusedbylawyers;otherstreatcertainaspectsofthisbroadconceptascapital.[3]Forourpurposes,theeconomicconceptoflandcanbeviewedasbeingsynonymouswiththelegalconceptofrealestate.Itinvolvesthenaturalandman-maderesourcesthatindividuals,groups,orcommunitiescontrolthroughpossessionofportionsoftheearth’ssurface.由于经济学家关心土地和资本的区别,所以他们对土地的性质往往有不同的观点。许多经济学家赞成律师们所使用的广义土地定义;而另一些经济学家则是把这种广义的土地视为资本。按照我们的观点,土地的经济学概念可以看作于与不动产的法律概念基本相似,它是受个人、组织或者团体控制的附着于地球表面的、自然和人工资源的总和”。Thisbroadconceptoflandincludesalloftheearthsurface-waterandiceaswellasground.Inadditiontobuildingsites,farmsoil,growingforests,mineraldeposits,andwaterresources,italsoinvolvessuchnaturalphenomenaasaccesstosunlight,rain,wind,andchangingtemperaturesandlocationwithrespecttomarketsandotherareas.Moreover,itincludesallthoseman-madeimprovementsthatareattachedtothesurfaceoftheearthandcannotbeeasilyseparatedit.[4]土地的这种广义概念,包括了整个地球表层,即水和冰以及地面。除了建筑场地、农用地、林木、矿藏和水资源外,土地还包括一些自然现象,如太阳辐射、降雨、风和不断变化的温度,以及相对于市场和其他地方的位置。再者,它还包括了附着于地球表面不能预知分离的所有那些人为的改良设施。Conceptsofland土地的概念Thetermlandoftenmeansdifferentthingsdependinguponthecontextinwhichitisusedandthecircumstancesunderwhichitisconsidered.Likeacutdiamond,ithasmanyfacets.Mostimportantamongthesearetheviewsoflandas(1)space,(2)nature,(3)afactorofproduction,(4)aconsumptiongood,(5)situation,(6)property,and(7)capital.Otherfacetsoflandmayalsohenoted.Someculturalgroupsviewlandasadeitythatpossessesitselfandthatcanexercisecertaincontrolsoverthepeoplewhouseit.Investorssometimesseeitasastoreofwealththatpossessesuniqueadvantagesoveralternativeareasofinvestment.Othershavevieweditasagenebank–apotentialsourceofnewspeciesandproducts–andasasourceofpleasureandrecreation.[5]土地一词往往有不同的含义,这取决于所使用的环境和内容。如同一块切割过的钻石,有许多方面。在这所有观点众人们主要把土地视为1)空间,2)自然界。3)一种生产要素,4)一种消费品,5)位置,6)财产,7)资本。土地含义的其他方面也要注意。有些文化组织将土地看作自我拥有的,掌控着使用这片土地的人们的神。投资者有时把选择投资的具有特殊优势的土地看作财富仓库。还有一些人把土地看作产生新物种和新产品源的基因库或者将土地看作休闲游乐源泉。。Considerableimportanceisattachedinthemodernworldtotheconceptoflandassituation.[6]Thisconceptinvolveslocationwithrespecttomarkets,geographicfeatures,othersresources,andothercountries.Itissignificantbecausethevalueanduseoflandisdeterminedlargelybyitslocationandaccessibilityandalsobecauseoftheeconomicandpoliticalsignificancethatisoftenattributedtothecontrolofstrategicsites.现代社会,人们非常重视作为位置的土地概念。这一概念指相对市场、地理特征、其他资源以及其他区域的位置。这一概念很重要,这不仅由于多数土地的利用和价值由其位置和可达性来决定的,还因为战略地点的控制对现代经济和政治的重要意义。Theconceptoflandaspropertyinvolvesrealestateandhaslegalconnotations.Itisconcernedwiththeareasoverwhichindividuals,groups,orsovereignpowersexerciserightsofpossessionanduseandwiththenatureoftherightsandresponsibilitiestheyhold.[7]Propertyinstitutionschangewithtime,buttheinterpretationsacceptedatanygivenmomentalwayswieldapowerfulinfluenceinshapingattitudesandactionsconcerninglandandhowitcanorshouldbeused.作为财产的土地概念,指不动产并具有法律含义。将土地当作财产意味着支配土地的个人、组织或者君主自这片土地上可以行使占有权和使用权,也包含着他们拥有的土地权利和责任的性质。财产制度随着时间推移而变化,但是,某个时期流行的制度总是对人们的土地的观念和所采取的行动以及可以或应该怎样利用土地有着重大影响。Whilelandmaybetreatedasauniqueandseparatefactorofproduction,itisoftenrealistictoviewitasatypeofcapital.Theearlyclassicaleconomistsarguedthatlandwasafreegiftofnature,whereascapitalwasman-made.[8]Capitalreprese