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1PLC英文资料1.1MotivationProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC),acomputingdeviceinventedbyRichardE.Morleyin1968,havebeenwidelyusedinindustryincludingmanufacturingsystems,transportationsystems,chemicalprocessfacilities,andmanyothers.Atthattime,thePLCreplacedthehardwiredlogicwithsoft-wiredlogicorso-calledrelayladderlogic(RLL),aprogramminglanguagevisuallyresemblingthehardwiredlogic,andreducedtherebytheconfigurationtimefrom6monthsdownto6days[MoodyandMorley,1999].AlthoughPCbasedcontrolhasstartedtocomeintoplace,PLCbasedcontrolwillremainthetechniquetowhichthemajorityofindustrialapplicationswilladhereduetoitshigherperformance,lowerprice,andsuperiorreliabilityinharshenvironments.Moreover,accordingtoastudyonthePLCmarketofFrostandSullivan[1995],anincreaseoftheannualsalesvolumeto15millionPLCsperyearwiththehardwarevalueofmorethan8billionUSdollarshasbeenpredicted,thoughthepricesofcomputinghardwareissteadilydropping.TheinventorofthePLC,RichardEMorley,fairlyconsidersthePLCmarketasa5-billionindustryatthepresenttime.ThoughPLCsarewidelyusedinindustrialpractice,theprogrammingofPLCbasedcontrolsystemsisstillverymuchrelyingontrial-and-error.Alikesoftwareengineering,PLCsoftwaredesignisfacingthesoftwaredilemmaorcrisisinasimilarway.Morleyhimselfemphasizedthisaspectmostforcefullybyindicating[MoodyandMorley,1999,p.110]:`Ifhouseswerebuiltlikesoftwareprojects,asinglewoodpeckercoulddestroycivilization.”Particularly,practicalproblemsinPLCprogrammingaretoeliminatesoftwarebugsandtoreducethemaintenancecostsofoldladderlogicprograms.ThoughthehardwarecostsofPLCsaredroppingcontinuously,reducingthescantimeoftheladderlogicisstillanissueinindustrysothatlow-costPLCscanbeused.Ingeneral,theproductivityingeneratingPLCisfarbehindcomparedtootherdomains,forinstance,VLSIdesign,whereefficientcomputeraideddesigntoolsareinpractice.ExistentsoftwareengineeringmethodologiesarenotnecessarilyapplicabletothePLCbasedsoftwaredesignbecausePLC-programmingrequiresasimultaneousconsiderationofhardwareandsoftware.Thesoftwaredesignbecomes,thereby,moreandmorethemajorcostdriver.Inmanyindustrialdesignprojects,morethanSO0/aofthemanpowerallocatedforthecontrolsystemdesignandinstallationisscheduledfortestinganddebuggingPLCprograms[Rockwell,1999].Inaddition,currentPLCbasedcontrolsystemsarenotproperlydesignedtosupportthegrowingdemandforflexibilityandreconfigurabilityofmanufacturingsystems.Afurtherproblem,impellingtheneedforasystematicdesignmethodology,istheincreasingsoftwarecomplexityinlarge-scaleprojects.1.2ObjectiveandSignificanceoftheThesisTheobjectiveofthisthesisistodevelopasystematicsoftwaredesignmethodologyforPLCoperatedautomationsystems.Thedesignmethodologyinvolveshigh-leveldescriptionbasedonstatetransitionmodelsthattreatautomationcontrolsystemsasdiscreteeventsystems,astepwisedesignprocess,andsetofdesignrulesprovidingguidanceandmeasurementstoachieveasuccessfuldesign.Thetangibleoutcomeofthisresearchistofindawaytoreducetheuncertaintyinmanagingthecontrolsoftwaredevelopmentprocess,thatis,reducingprogramminganddebuggingtimeandtheirvariation,increasingflexibilityoftheautomationsystems,andenablingsoftwarereusabilitythroughmodularity.Thegoalistoovercomeshortcomingsofcurrentprogrammingstrategiesthatarebasedontheexperienceoftheindividualsoftwaredeveloper.2PLC英文资料AsystematicapproachtodesigningPLCsoftwarecanovercomedeficienciesinthetraditionalwayofprogrammingmanufacturingcontrolsystems,andcanhavewideramificationsinseveralindustrialapplications.Automationcontrolsystemsaremodeledbyformallanguagesor,equivalently,bystatemachines.Formalrepresentationsprovideahigh-leveldescriptionofthebehaviorofthesystemtobecontrolled.Statemachinescanbeanalyticallyevaluatedastowhetherornottheymeetthedesiredgoals.Secondly,astatemachinedescriptionprovidesastructuredrepresentationtoconveythelogicalrequirementsandconstraintssuchasdetailedsafetyrules.Thirdly,well-definedcontrolsystemsdesignoutcomesareconducivetoautomaticcodegeneration-Anabilitytoproducecontrolsoftwareexecutableoncommercialdistinctlogiccontrollerscanreduceprogramminglead-timeandlaborcost.Inparticular,thethesisisrelevantwithrespecttothefollowingaspects.Customer-DrivenManufacturingInmodernmanufacturing,systemsarecharacterizedbyproductandprocessinnovation,becomecustomer-drivenandthushavetorespondquicklytochangingsystemrequirements.Amajorchallengeisthereforetoprovideenablingtechnologiesthatcaneconomicallyreconfigureautomationcontrolsystemsinresponsetochangingneedsandnewopportunities.Designandoperationalknowledgecanbereusedinreal-time,therefore,givingasignificantcompetitiveedgeinindustrialpractice.HigherDegreeofDesignAutomationandSoftwareQualityStudieshaveshownthatprogrammingmethodologiesinautomationsystemshavenotbeenabletomatchrapidincreaseinuseofcomputingresources.Forinstance,theprogrammingofPLCsstillreliesonaconventionalprogrammingstylewithladderlogicdiagrams.Asaresult,thedelaysandresourcesinprogrammingareamajorstumblingstonefortheprogressofmanufacturingindustry.Testinganddebuggingmayconsumeover50%ofthemanpowerallocatedforthePLCprogramdesign.Standards[IEC60848